View source for Ernst Jünger

{{Short description|German soldier and author (1895–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name          = Ernst Jünger
| image         = Ernst Jünger vers 1920 (cropped).jpg
| alt           = 
| caption       = Jünger in 1920
| birth_name    = 
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1895|3|29|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Heidelberg]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1998|2|17|1895|3|29|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Riedlingen]], [[Germany]]
| occupation    = 
| education     = 
| alma_mater    = 
| period        = 
| genre         = Diaries and novels
| subject       = War
| movement      = 
| notable_works = {{ubl|{{Lang|de|In Stahlgewittern}}|{{Lang|de|Auf den Marmorklippen}}}}
| spouse        = {{ill|Gretha von Jeinsen|de}}<br />(m. 1925–1960)<br />{{ill|Liselotte Jünger|de}} (m. 1962)
| partner       = 
| children      = 2
| relatives     = 
| awards        = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Iron Cross|Iron Cross I. Class]] (1916)}}
* {{nowrap|''[[Pour le Mérite (military)|Pour le Mérite]]'' (1918)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Grand Merit Cross]] (1959)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Schiller Memorial Prize]] (1974)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Goethe Prize]] (1982)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art|Maximilian Order]] (1986)}}
 }}
| module        = {{Infobox military person
 | embed         = yes
 | allegiance    = {{ubl|[[French Third Republic|France]]|[[German Reich|Germany]]}}
 | branch        = {{ubl|[[French Foreign Legion]]|[[Prussian Army]]|[[Reichswehr|Reichsheer]]|[[German Army (1935–1945)|German Army]]}}
 | service_years = 1913 (France)<br />1914–1923, 1939–1944 (Germany)
 | rank          = ''[[Hauptmann]]''
 | battles       = {{ubl|[[World War I]]|[[World War II]]}}
}}
}}

'''Ernst Jünger''' ({{IPA|de|ɛʁnst ˈjʏŋɐ|lang|De-Jünger.ogg}}; 29 March 1895 – 17 February 1998) was a German author, soldier, philosopher, and [[entomology|entomologist]] who became publicly known for his [[World War I]] memoir ''[[Storm of Steel]]''. A prolific writer of [[#Bibliography|over forty books]], Jünger wrote particularly in the furtherance of [[National conservatism|conservatism]] and against what he perceived as the spiritual oppression of man.

The son of a successful businessman and chemist, Jünger rebelled against an affluent upbringing and sought adventure in the ''[[Wandervogel]]'' German youth movement, before running away to briefly serve in the [[French Foreign Legion]], which was an illegal act in Germany. However, he escaped prosecution due to his father's efforts and was able to enlist in the [[Imperial German Army]] on the outbreak of World War I in 1914. During an ill-fated offensive in 1918 Jünger was badly wounded and was awarded the ''[[Pour le Mérite (military)|Pour le Mérite]]'', a rare decoration for one of his rank and was the last living recipient when he died in 1998.

He wrote against liberal values, democracy, and the [[Weimar Republic]], but rejected the advances of the [[Nazism|Nazis]] who were rising to power. During [[World War II]] Jünger served as an army captain in [[Paris in World War II|occupied Paris]], but by 1943, he had turned decisively against Nazi totalitarianism, a change manifested in his work "''[[The Peace (essay)|The Peace]]''" ({{langx|de|Der Friede}}). Jünger was dismissed from the army in 1944 after he was indirectly implicated with fellow officers who had [[20 July plot|plotted to assassinate Hitler]]. A few months later, his son died in combat in [[Italian Social Republic|Italy]] after having been sentenced to a [[Strafbataillon|penal battalion]] for political reasons.<ref name="Ernst Britannica"/>

After the war, Jünger was treated with some suspicion as a possible [[Mitläufer|fellow traveller of the Nazis]]. By the later stages of the Cold War, his unorthodox writings about the impact of [[materialism]] in modern society were widely seen as conservative rather than radical nationalist, and his philosophical works came to be highly regarded in mainstream German circles. Jünger died an honoured literary figure, although critics continued to charge him with the glorification of war as a transcendental experience in some of his early works. He was an ardent [[Militarism|militarist]] and one of the most complex and contradictory figures in 20th-century [[German literature]].<ref name="Ernst Britannica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernst-Junger|title=Ernst Jünger|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref>

== Biography ==

===Early life===

Ernst Jünger was born in [[Heidelberg]]{{sfn|Godshall|2012}} as the eldest of six children{{sfn|Neaman|2019|p=22}} of the chemical engineer {{ill|Ernst Georg Jünger|de}} and of Karoline Lampl (1873–1950).{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} Two of his siblings died as infants.{{sfn|Neaman|2019|p=22}} His father acquired some wealth in [[potash]] mining. He was raised in [[Province of Hanover|Hanover]]{{sfn|Godshall|2012}} and went to school there from 1901 to 1905, and during 1905 to 1907 to boarding schools in Hanover and [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]. He rejoined his family in 1907, in [[Rehburg]], and went to school in [[Wunstorf]] with his siblings from 1907 to 1912. During this time, he developed his passion for [[adventure novel]]s and for [[entomology]].

He spent some time as an exchange student in [[Buironfosse]], [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]], France, in September 1909. With his younger brother [[Friedrich Georg Jünger]] (1898–1977) he joined the ''[[Wandervogel]]'' movement in 1911. His first poem was published with the ''Gaublatt für Hannoverland'' in November 1911.<ref>[[Heimo Schwilk]], Klett-Cotta, ''Ernst Jünger – Ein Jahrhundertleben'', 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=os0rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 chapter 3]. 
[[Heimo Schwilk]] (ed.), ''Ernst Jünger: Leben und Werk in Bildern und Texten'', Klett-Cotta, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hHSWgyKFLYwC&pg=PA24 p. 24].</ref> By this time, Jünger had a reputation as a budding [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] poet.{{sfn|Schwilk|2010|p=27}}

In 1913, Jünger was a student at the [[Hamelin]] gymnasium. In November, he travelled to [[Verdun]] and then Marseilles enlisted in the [[French Foreign Legion]]{{sfn|Neaman|2019|p=23}}{{sfn|King|1999|p=105}} for a five-year term, but with the intention of getting to North Africa. This was an illegal act in Germany. Stationed in a training camp at [[Sidi Bel Abbès]], Algeria, he deserted and travelled to Morocco, but was captured and returned to camp. Six weeks later, he was dismissed from the Legion{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} due to the intervention of the German [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Foreign Office]], and escaped prosecution. On the return journey he was told by his father that the cost of representations to the authorities had amounted to a vast sum. Jünger was sent to a boarding school in Hanover, where fellow pupils included future communist leader [[Werner Scholem]] (1895–1940).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffrogge |first=Ralf |title=A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany: the life of Werner Scholem (1895-1940) |date=2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30952-4 |series=Historical materialism book series |location=Leiden Boston |pages=6, 36}}</ref>

===World War I===
{{See also|Storm of Steel#Plot}}
[[File:JungerMedal.jpg|thumb|375x375px|Jünger during World War I, wearing the [[House Order of Hohenzollern]]]]

On 1 August 1914,{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=vii}} the day Germany entered the [[World War I|First World War]], Jünger, who as a student wasn't caught under the [[Imperial German conscription]] system,{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=141}} volunteered for military service. He had to wait for three days in the recruiting office{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=141}} and obtain an [[Notabitur|emergency school-leaving certificate]]<ref>{{cite thesis|last=King|first=John|title=Writing and Rewriting the First World War: Ernst Jünger and the Crisis of the Conservative Imagination, 1914–25|type=D.Phil. thesis|publisher=University of Oxford|year=1999|url=https://roadstothegreatwar-ww1.blogspot.com/2018/04/how-to-get-wounded-14-times-and-win.html |via=Roads to the Great War|access-date=31 August 2026}}</ref> in order to enlist as a [[One-year volunteer (German Empire)|one-year volunteer]]{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} initially in the [[44th Reserve Division]].{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=141}} He had transferred to the [[73rd Hanoverian Fusilier Regiment]] by the time he was deployed{{sfn|Jünger |1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_1#2 2]}} and after training was posted to the [[First Battle of Champagne|Champagne front]] in December 1914.{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=vii}}{{sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_1 1]}} After recovering from his first wound, he underwent [[Fahnenjunker|officer training]] and was commissioned as a ''[[Leutnant]]'' in 1915.{{sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_5#49 49]}}

As a [[platoon]] leader, and later acting company commander, he gained a reputation for aggressive leadership during patrols and reconnaissance missions, a [[Stoßtruppführer]]{{sfn|Kühl|2014}} and a pioneer{{sfn|Kittler|2008}} of [[Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)|stormtrooper]] tactics.{{sfn|Godshall|2012}} Jünger fought in many of the major campaigns on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]],{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|pp=vii–ix}} including the Battles of [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|the Somme]],{{Sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_7 92]}} [[Battle of Langemarck (1917)|Langemarck]]{{Sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_12 161]}} and [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Cambrai]]{{Sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_15 221]}} as well as leading a [[Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)|stormtroop]] in [[Operation Michael]],{{sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_17 224]}}{{sfn|Zabecki|2017}} reaching the rank of temporary [[company commander]].{{sfn|Woods|2006|p=125}} During the war he had been hit a total of fourteen times{{Sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_19#314 314]}} was wounded on seven occasions that required evacuation, and received [[Ernst Jünger's military decorations|a number of decorations]] including the [[Iron Cross]]{{Sfn | Jünger | 1929 | p = [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AThe_Storm_Of_Steel.pdf/139 120]}} and Imperial Germany's highest military decoration, the ''[[Pour le Mérite (military)|Pour le Mérite]]''.{{sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_19#318 318]}}{{sfn|Kiesel|2009|pp=179–181}}

He spent his free time reading the works of [[Ludovico Ariosto|Ariosto]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/storm-steel/characters/ernst-junger|title=Storm of Steel|website=e-notes}}</ref> [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] and [[Alfred Kubin|Kubin]].{{citation needed|date=July 2026}} Throughout the war he kept detailed diaries that formed the basis of his first published books starting with the ''[[Storm of Steel]]''.{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|pp=viii–ix}}

===Interwar period===

[[File:Ernst Juenger inSG.jpg|thumb|Ernst Jünger in uniform as depicted in the frontispiece of the 3rd edition of ''In Stahlgewittern'' (1922)]]

After the war Jünger continued to serve as a [[Leutnant|lieutenant]] in the [[Reichswehr|army]] of the [[Weimar Republic]] revising infantry training techniques.{{sfn|Woods|2006|p=126}} In 1920 at the suggestion of his father he self-published ''[[Storm of Steel]]'' based on some of his war diaries and was afterwards signed up by the publisher [[E.S. Mittler & Sohn]].{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=viii}} He left the army in 1923.{{sfn|Neaman|2019|p=24}} He enrolled in the [[University of Leipzig]] to study [[natural sciences]]{{sfn|Neaman|2019|p=23}} which he continued in Naples while combining this with paid writing although he left university in 1926.{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} He joined the [[Freikorps]] and [[Stahlhelm]].{{sfn|Neaman|2019|p=24}} His war experiences described in ''Storm of Steel'' gradually made him famous and the success of the book enabled him to become a professional writer.{{sfn|Boyle|2008|p=125}} He married {{ill|Gretha von Jeinsen|de|Gretha Jünger}} in 1925 with whom he had two children, Ernst Jr. (1926–44) and Alexander (1934–93).{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}}

In later writings in the 1920s such as [[War as an Inner Experience]], [[Copse 125]] and [[Fire and Blood (Jünger)|Fire and Blood]]{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=ix}} as well as his heavily edited 1924 version of Storm of Steel{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=ix}} he more explicitly than in the first release of ''Storm of Steel'' portrayed war as a mystical experience that revealed the nature of existence{{Sfn | Garland | Garland | 1997a | p = 437}} painting trench soldiers as modern day [[hero]]s,{{sfn|Kühl|2014}} and these books together with the Storm of Steel he would call his "Old Testament".{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=xi}} According to Jünger, the essence of the modern was found in total mobilisation for military effectiveness, which tested the capacity of the human senses.{{Sfn | Bullock | 1992 | p = 549}}

Jünger became a [[Interwar German nationalism|nationalist]] publicist{{sfn|Jünger|2014}} and criticized the fragile and unstable democracy of the [[Weimar Republic]], stating that he "hated democracy like the plague."{{Sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=ix}} He supported a "state of the front-line soldiers"{{sfn|Kühl|2014}} brought about through the emergence of a young intellectual elite that would spring out from the trenches of WWI, ready to oppose bourgeois capitalism and to embody a new nationalist revolutionary spirit.{{sfn|Schiff|2024|p=45}} In the 1920s, he wrote more than 130 articles in various nationalist magazines, mostly as editor in the [[Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten|Stahlhelm]] newspaper {{lang|de|Die Standarte}}.{{sfn|Griffiths|2006|p=358}} He was also editor of the journal [[Arminius (journal)|Arminius]] which aimed to unite nationalist movements{{sfn|Griffiths|2006|p=358}} and contributed to [[Ernst Niekisch]]'s [[National-Bolshevik]] publication {{lang|de|[[Widerstand (magazine)|Widerstand]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jünger|first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Jünger |title=Ernst Jünger on Leon Trotsky's ''My Life''|url=https://www.versobooks.com/en-gb/blogs/news/4437-ernst-junger-on-leon-trotsky-s-my-life|website=Verso Books|date=November 1930|translator-last=Zurowski|translator-first=Maciej|type=Translated essay|language=en|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> However, the historian [[Louis Dupeux]] argues that Jünger wanted to use nationalism as an "explosive" and not as an "absolute", to eventually let the new order arise by itself{{Sfn|François|2009}} and the association of Jünger to the [[Conservative Revolutionaries]] is still a matter of debate among scholars.{{sfn|Schloßberger|2001}}

In 1932, he published ''[[The Worker: Dominion and Form|The Worker]]'', which argued that modern econonomic life was an extension of wartime total monbilisation{{sfn|Boyle|2008|pp=125-126}} meaning that the [[bourgeois]] order brought in by [[the Enlightenment]] was giving way to a new society organised around the figure of the Worker.<ref name=fitch>{{cite journal |last=Fitch |first=Richard |date=15 December 2017 |url=https://reviews.ophen.org/2017/12/15/review-draft-vincent-blok-ernst-jungers-philosophy-of-technology-heidegger-and-the-poetics-of-the-anthropocene/ |title=Vincent Blok: Ernst Jünger's Philosophy of Technology: Heidegger and the Poetics of the Anthropocene |journal=[[Phenomenological Reviews]] |volume=3 |issn=2297-7627 |access-date=21 April 2024 }}</ref> In the essay ''[[On Pain (essay)|On Pain]]'' ({{langx|de|Über den Schmerz}})<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.telospress.com/main/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=357 | title = On pain | publisher = Telos press | type = translation}}</ref> written and published in 1934, Jünger rejects the liberal values of liberty, security, ease, and comfort, and seeks instead the measure of man in the capacity to withstand pain and sacrifice. Around this time his writing included the aphorism "What doesn't kill me makes me stronger; and what kills me makes me incredibly strong."{{citation needed|date=July 2026}}

===Relations with the Weimar Era Nazis===

As a famous war hero and prominent nationalist critic of the Weimar Republic, the ascendant [[Nazi Party]] courted Jünger as a natural ally, but Jünger rejected such advances and never joined the party.{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=ix}} When Jünger moved to Berlin in 1927, he rejected an offer of a Nazi [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] seat.{{sfn|Griffiths|2006|p=359}} However he did write articles suggesting that Nationalists could work together with Nazis to create a new Germany{{sfn|Griffiths|2006|pp=358-9}} and had corresponded with Hitler in the 1920s including exchanging a signed copy of [[Fire and Blood (Jünger)|Fire and Blood]] for one of [[Mein Kampf]].{{sfn|Meaney|2023}}{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=ix}}

In 1930,<ref>Peter Longerich: ''Jünger, Ernst, Schriftsteller''. In: Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Graml (Hrsg.): ''Biographisches Lexikon zur Weimarer Republik''. C. H. Beck, München 1988,  164f.</ref> he denounced Hitler's opposition to the [[Rural People's Movement]].{{Sfn|Meaney|2023}} In the 22 October 1932 edition of the ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'', the Nazi Party's official newspaper, the article "The never-ending dialectical debate" (''Das endlose dialektische Gespräch'') attacked Jünger for his rejection of the "[[blood and soil]]" doctrine, accusing him of being an "intellectualist" and a liberal.<ref name="Barr">{{cite news|last=Barr|first=Hilary Barr|title=An Exchange on Ernst Jünger|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/dec/16/an-exchange-on-ernst-junger/?pagination=false|access-date=8 July 2013|newspaper=New York Review of Books|date=24 June 1993}}</ref> He also disliked Nazi mass politics, preferring an [[elitist]] approach, while also disapproving of their "legalistic" methods.{{sfn|Kühl|2014}}

===Third Reich===
Jünger again refused the offer of a [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] seat following the [[Nazi Party]]'s [[Machtergreifung|ascension to power]] in January 1933, and he also refused the invitation to head the [[Reich Chamber of Literature]].{{Sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=ix}}<!--- Hofmann is confused with the ''Deutsche Akademie der Dichtung'', German Academy of Literature, an organisation founded in 1949, but his point stands nonetheless.--> Jünger left [[Berlin]] in 1933{{sfn|Martus|2016|p=99}} choosing rural seclusion{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=x}} and his house was searched several times by the [[Gestapo]].<ref>{{harv|François|2009}}"Le domicile d'Ernst Jünger fut fouillé plusieurs fois par la Gestapo"</ref>

On 14 June 1934, Jünger wrote a "letter of rejection" to the ''[[Völkischer Beobachter]]'', in which he requested that none of his writings be published in it.<ref>{{harv|Schwilk|2010|p=142}} cited in {{harv|Neaman|2019|p=26, Note 11}}</ref> Jünger also refused to speak on [[Joseph Goebbels]]'s radio. He was one of the few nationalist authors whose names were never found on the frequent declarations of loyalty to Hitler. He found Nazi treatment of Jews as incompatible with military honour{{sfn|Griffiths|2006|p=359}} and with his brother Friedrich Georg quit the "''Traditionsverein der 73er''", the veterans' organization of the Hanoverian regiment they had served during World War I, when its Jewish members were expelled.<ref name="Barr" />

''[[On the Marble Cliffs]]'' (1939), a short novel in the form of a parable, uses [[metaphor]] to describe Jünger's negative perceptions of the situation in Hitler's Germany.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Alex |date=26 June 2023 |title=Ernst Jünger's Narratives of Complicity |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/07/03/on-the-marble-cliffs-ernst-junger-book-review |access-date=24 March 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref>

===Second World War===
At the outbreak of [[World War II]] he was drafted as an [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|army]] [[Hauptmann|captain]].{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} On the Western Front in 1939, he rescued a wounded soldier and was again awarded the [[Iron Cross]] Second Class.<ref>Andrea Benedetti, Lutz Hagestedt, ''Totalität als Faszination: Systematisierung des Heterogenen im Werk Ernst Jüngers'', Walter De Gruyter 2018, p. 341</ref> From 1941 to 1944 he was based in the Army headquarters in Paris,{{sfn|Griffiths|2006|p=359}} assigned to an administrative position as intelligence officer and mail censor. He socialized (often at the [[Georges V Hotel in Paris|Georges V hotel]] or at [[Maxim's]]) with prominent artists of the day such as [[Picasso]] and [[Jean Cocteau]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/MitchellDevils|title = The Devil's Captain: Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941-1944| date=May 2011 | publisher=Berghahn Books | doi=10.3167/9780857451149 | isbn=978-0-85745-114-9 | last1=Mitchell | first1=Allan }}</ref> He also went to the salons of [[Marie-Louise Bousquet]] and [[Florence Gould]]. There he met [[Jean Paulhan]], [[Henry de Montherlant]], [[Marcel Jouhandeau]] and [[Louis-Ferdinand Céline]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=I prossimi titani. Conversazioni con Ernst Jünger|trans-title=The Coming Titans. Conversations with Ernst Jünger |last1=Gnoli |first1=Antonio |last2=Volpi |first2=Franco |publisher=Adelphi |location=Milano |date=1997 |pages=93–94 |isbn=88-459-1325-2 |language=it}} [https://juengertranslationproject.substack.com/p/the-coming-titans-ernst-junger The Coming Titans. Ernst Jünger].</ref> Jünger also met the latter at the German Institute on 7 December 1941. He noted in his Parisian diary (''{{ill|Strahlungen (Ernst Jünger)|lt=Strahlungen|de|Strahlungen (Ernst Jünger)}}'') that Céline on that occasion "spoke of his consternation, his astonishment, at the fact that we soldiers were not shooting, hanging, and exterminating the Jews".<ref name="Strahlungen">{{Cite book |last=Jünger |first=Ernst |title=A German Officer in Occupied Paris: The War Journals, 1941-1945 |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-231-54838-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=k2NbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 Chapter I, First Parisian Journal].</ref> He passed on information about upcoming transports "at an acceptable level of risk" which saved Jewish lives.{{sfn|Schiff|2024|p=42}} His office was in the Hotel Majestic and he was billeted at the Hotel Raphael.{{sfn|Jünger|2019|pp=xv, xvi, xvii, xxi}}

The character of Werner von Ebrennac in [[Jean Bruller]]'s wartime novel ''[[Le Silence de la mer]]'' is modelled on Jünger.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edgar |first1=William |author1-link=William Edgar (apologist) |title=Serving the Church, Reaching the World: Essays in Honour of Don Carson |date=2017 |publisher=[[Inter-Varsity Press]] |page=103 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE6oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |access-date=20 November 2025 |chapter=The Silence of God |isbn=978-1-78359-594-5 }}</ref>

Jünger found his countrymen's discriminatory treatment of [[French Jews]] unacceptable. In his Parisian diaries, the writer wrote on 7 June 1942 that he had encountered for the first time the [[Yellow badge|yellow star]] carried by three little girls who were passing by in the [[Rue Royale]], and that he considered that day as fundamental in his personal history, because he said he was ashamed at that moment of wearing a German officer's uniform.<ref name="Strahlungen" />

His early time in France is described in his aforementioned diary ''Strahlungen'' ("Radiations"), which includes {{ill|"Gärten und Straßen"|de|Gärten und Straßen}} ("Gardens and Streets") and "Das erste Pariser Tagebuch" ("The First Parisian Diary"). He was also given the task of executing a German deserter who had beaten the women sheltering him and been turned in. Jünger considered avoiding the assignment but eventually attended to oversee the execution in, as he claimed in his journal, "the spirit of higher curiosity".<ref>{{Cite book | author= Berndt Engelmann |date= 1986 |title= In Hitler's Germany | url= https://archive.org/details/inhitlersgermany0000enge | url-access= registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/inhitlersgermany0000enge/page/239 239] |publisher= Pantheon Books |isbn= 978-0-394-52449-8 |postscript=;}} citing Gerhard Heller, ''Un Allemand à Paris''.</ref>

Jünger appears on the fringes of the [[July 20 Plot|Stauffenberg bomb plot]].{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} He was clearly an inspiration to anti-Nazi conservatives in the German Army,{{Sfn | Neaman | 1999 | p = 122-23}} and while in Paris he was close to the old, mostly [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]], officers who carried out the assassination attempt against Hitler. On 6 June 1944 Jünger went to [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]]'s headquarters at [[La Roche-Guyon]], arriving late at about 9 PM as the bridge at Mantes was down. Present were Rommel's chief-of-staff [[Hans Speidel]], General [[Otto Wagener|Wagener]], Colonel [[Hans Otfried von Linstow|Linstow]], Embassy Counsellor {{interlanguage link|Peter Pfeiffer|de|Peter Pfeiffer (Diplomat)}}, reporter Major {{interlanguage link|Wilhelm von Schramm|de|Wilhelm Ritter von Schramm}} and Speidel's brother-in-law Max Horst (Rommel was in Germany). At 9.30 PM they went to Speidel's quarters to discuss ''"[[The Peace (essay)|Der Friede]]"'' (The Peace), Jünger's 30-page peace proposal (written in 1943), to be given to the Allies after Hitler's demise or removal from power; also proposed is a united Europe. He returned about midnight. The next day at the Paris HQ Jünger was stunned by the news of the [[Normandy landings]].{{sfn|Jünger|2019|p=328}}<ref>{{cite book |last =Margaritis |first= Peter |title= Countdown to D-Day: The German perspective |year= 2019 |publisher= Casemate |location= Oxford, UK & PA, USA |isbn= 978-1-61200-769-4 |page= 534 }}</ref>

Jünger was only peripherally involved in the events,{{sfn|Griffiths|2006|p=159}} however, and in the aftermath suffered only [[dishounorably discharged]] from the army{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} rather than execution. He was saved by the chaos of the last months of the war, and by always being "inordinately careful", burning writings on sensitive matters from 1933. One source ([[Friedrich Hielscher]]) claimed that Hitler said "Nothing happens to Jünger".{{sfn|Jünger|2019|p=xiii, xxi, xxii}}

His elder son Ernst Jr., then an eighteen-year-old [[Kriegsmarine]] cadet, was imprisoned that year for engaging in "subversive discussions" in his [[Wilhelmshaven]] Naval Academy (a capital offence). Transferred to [[Strafbattalion|Penal Unit]] [[999th Light Afrika Division (Germany)|999]] as ''Frontbewährung'', i.e. probation through frontline service, after his parents had spoken to the presiding judge Admiral [[Ernst Scheurlen]], he was killed near [[Carrara]] in [[Italian Social Republic|occupied Italy]] on 29 November 1944 (though Jünger was never sure whether he had been shot by the enemy or by the [[SS]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ernst Jünger-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung|last=Schöning|first=Matthias |publisher=Verlag J.B. Meztler|year=2014|location=Stuttgart|page=292}}</ref>{{sfn|Jünger|2019|pp=xxiii,379}}

===Post-war period===

After the war, Jünger was initially under some suspicion for his nationalist past, and he was banned from publishing in Germany{{Sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=x}} for four years by the British occupying forces because he refused to submit to the [[denazification]] procedures. His work ''The Peace'' (German title: ''Der Friede''), written in 1943 and published abroad in 1948, marked the end of his involvement in politics. When [[KPD|German Communists]] threatened his safety in 1945, [[Bertolt Brecht]] instructed them to "Leave Jünger alone."<ref>{{cite news|last=Buruma|first=Ian| author-link = Ian Buruma |title=The Anarch at Twilight |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/jun/24/the-anarch-at-twilight/|access-date=8 May 2013|newspaper=New York Review of Books}}</ref> From 1949 to 1953, the [[Neue Rechte]] historian [[Armin Mohler]] served as Jünger's private secretary.{{Sfn|Merlio|2003|p=125}}

From the mid 1950s onwards his literary reputation in [[West Germany]] grew.{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} From 1959 he was an editor of the conservative cultural magazine [[Antaios (magazine)|Antaios]].{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} The publisher Klett put out a ten-volume collected works (''Werke'') in 1965, extended to 18 volumes 1978–1983. This made Jünger one of just four German authors to see two subsequent editions of their collected works published during their lifetime, alongside [[Goethe]], [[Klopstock]] and [[Christoph Martin Wieland|Wieland]].{{Sfn | Hofmann | 2003 | p = x}}

His diaries from 1939 to 1949 were published under the title ''{{Interlanguage link|Strahlungen (Ernst Jünger)|de|lt=Strahlungen}}'' (1948, ''Radiations''). In the 1950s and 1960s, Jünger travelled extensively. His first wife, Gretha, died in 1960, and in 1962 he married {{ill|Liselotte Lohrer|de|Liselotte Jünger}}.{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}} He continued writing prodigiously for his entire life, publishing more than 50 books.

[[File:Maison ernst jünger wilflingen.jpg|thumb|Ernst Jünger House in Wilflingen]]

Jünger was among the forerunners of [[magical realism]].{{sfn|Kühl|2014}} His vision in ''[[The Glass Bees]]'' (1957, German title: ''Gläserne Bienen''), of a future in which an automated machine-driven world threatens [[individualism]], could be seen as a story within the science fiction genre. A sensitive poet with training in [[botany]] and [[zoology]], as well as a soldier, his works in general are infused with tremendous details of the natural world.

Throughout his life he had experimented with [[Psychoactive drug|drugs]] such as [[diethyl ether|ether]], [[cocaine]], and [[hashish]]; and later in life he used [[mescaline]] and [[LSD]]. These experiments were recorded comprehensively in ''[[Annäherungen]]'' (1970, ''Approaches''). The novel ''[[Visit to Godenholm|Besuch auf Godenholm]]'' (1952, ''Visit to Godenholm'') is clearly influenced by his early experiments with mescaline and LSD. 
He met with LSD discoverer [[Albert Hofmann]] and they took LSD together several times. Hofmann's memoir ''[[LSD, My Problem Child]]'' describes some of these meetings.<ref name="Hofmann1980">{{cite book | last=Hofmann | first=Albert | translator=[[Jonathan Ott]] | title=[[LSD, My Problem Child]] | publisher=McGraw-Hill | date=1980 | isbn=978-0-07-029325-0 | oclc=6251390 | ol=OL4100124M}}</ref>

===Later life===
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F073370-0006, Bad Godesberg, Ernst Jünger, Philipp Jenninger.jpg|thumb|300px|Jünger (left) and his wife Liselotte at a reception of the [[President of the Bundestag]], [[Philipp Jenninger]] in 1986]]

{{Conservatism in Germany|Intellectuals}}

One of the most important contributions of Jünger's later literary production is the metahistoric figure of the ''[[Anarch (sovereign individual)|Anarch]]'', an ideal figure of a [[self-ownership|sovereign individual]], conceived in his novel ''[[Eumeswil]]'' (1977),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Macklin|first=Graham D.|date=September 2005|title=Co-opting the counter culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|type=[[.pdf]]|volume=39|issue=3|pages=301–326|doi=10.1080/00313220500198292|s2cid=144248307}}<!--| access-date = 2007-12-09--></ref> which evolved from his earlier conception of the ''Waldgänger'', or "Forest Fleer"
by influence of [[Philosophy of Max Stirner|Max Stirner's conception]] of the Unique (''der Einzige'').<ref>[http://www.fluxeuropa.com/juenger-anarch.htm ''Warrior, Waldgänger, Anarch: An essay on Ernst Jünger's concept of the sovereign individual''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609103636/http://www.fluxeuropa.com/juenger-anarch.htm |date=9 June 2008 }} by Abdalbarr Braun, accessed 22 December 2007.</ref><ref>[http://ernst-juenger.blogspot.com Ernst Jünger – Anarch] ''An exposition of the figure of the Anarch through citations from Juenger's Eumeswil.''</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lsr-projekt.de/msstudien.html#ss3 | first = Bernd A | last = Laska | title = 'Katechon' und 'Anarch'. Carl Schmitts und Ernst Jüngers Reaktionen auf Max Stirner | place = Nürnberg | publisher = LSR-Verlag | year = 1997 | language = de}}</ref>{{Rp | needed = yes|date=November 2012}}

In 1981, Jünger was awarded the [[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]]. In 1982 he was awarded the [[Goethe Prize]], but this was attended by a street demonstration in the City of Frankfurt on the day he received the award.{{sfn|Neaman|2019|p=33}}

In 1984, he spoke at the Verdun memorial, alongside his admirers, French president [[François Mitterrand]] and [[Helmut Kohl]] the German chancellor,{{Sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=xii}} where he called the "ideology of war" in Germany before and after World War I "a calamitous mistake".<ref>{{Citation | first = David | last = Binder | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06EFDB143FF93BA25751C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3 | title = Ernst Jünger, Contradictory German Author Who Wrote About War, Is Dead at 102 | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 18 February 1998}}</ref>

His younger son Alexander, a physician, committed suicide in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Binder |first1=David |title=Ernst Junger, Contradictory German Author Who Wrote About War, Is Dead at 102 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/18/arts/ernst-junger-contradictory-german-author-who-wrote-about-war-is-dead-at-102.html |access-date=25 March 2024 |agency=New York Times |date=18 February 1998}}</ref> Jünger's 100th birthday on 29 March 1995 was met with praise from many quarters, including the socialist French president [[François Mitterrand]].

===Death===

Jünger came from a mixed Christian Protestant, agnostic family and did not profess any particular denominational belief, but shortly before he died he converted to Roman Catholicism.{{sfn|Nevin|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dG43uaZNSC0C&pg=PA218 218]}}<ref>[[Mitchell, Alan]], ''The Devil's Captain, Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941-1944'', Berghahn Books, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v-g6K85Xo20C p. 33].</ref><ref>[https://www.firstthings.com/article/2020/11/standing-against-tyranny Standing Against Tyranny], [[First Things]]. ''A year before the end of his long life (1895–1998), the German author Ernst Jünger converted to Catholicism, a late change on a tumultuous path of searching and adventures that were far from exclusively spiritual. Born into a Protestant family, he attended conventional boarding schools, but at the age of eighteen ran away to France to join the Foreign Legion.''</ref> A year before his death, Jünger was received into the [[Catholic Church]] and began to receive the [[Sacrament]]s.<ref>Laska, Bernd A. "Ernst Jünger - Anarch und Katholik - ein verspäteter Epilog zu meinem Buch "Katechon" und "Anarch"." Ernst Jünger – Anarch und Katholik. 16 February 2006. Accessed 20 December 2016. http://www.lsr-projekt.de/juenger.html.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ernst Jünger's Vision of War|date=6 July 2013 |url=https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2013/07/ernst-jungers-vision-of-war.html}}</ref> Jünger died on 17 February 1998 in [[Riedlingen]], [[Upper Swabia]], aged 102. Since new awards of the military class ceased with the end of the Prussian monarchy in November 1918, Jünger was the last living recipient of the [[military version of the order Pour le Mérite]].<ref>Tucker, Spencer, and Priscilla Mary. Roberts, eds. {{cite book |title=World War I: A Student Encyclopedia |place=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |page=988 |isbn=978-1-85109-879-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&q=World+War+I%3A+A+Student+Encyclopedia }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaudi |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8DQDQAAQBAJ&q=ernst&pg=PA351 |title=African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914-1918 |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-425-28371-4 |language=en}}</ref> His last home, the [[Jünger-Haus Wilflingen]], is now a museum.

After his death the diary that Storm of Steel and other works was based on was published in full.<ref>{{cite newspaper|newspaper=[[Der Spiegal International]]|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-wwi-diary-of-ernst-juenger-newly-published-memoir-recalls-horror-of-western-front-a-726672.html|title=Newly Published Memoir Recalls Horror of Western Front|first=David |last=Crossland|date=3 November 2010}}</ref>

==Reception and Influence==

Although he had been cleared of the accusation of Nazi collaboration since the 1950s, Jünger's [[national conservatism]] and his ongoing role as conservative philosopher and icon made him a controversial figure and Jünger said he never regretted anything he wrote, nor would he ever take it back although he and his estate both made ongoing efforts to manage his older literary output with no Jünger text "ever been called definitive".{{Sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=xii}} [[Andreas Huyssen|Huyssen]] (1993) argued that nevertheless "his conservative literature made Nazism highly attractive",{{Sfn | Huyssen | 1993 | p = 5}} and that "the ontology of war depicted in ''[[Storm of Steel]]'' could be interpreted as a model for a new, hierarchically ordered society beyond democracy, beyond the security of bourgeois society and ennui".{{Sfn |Huyssen|1993|p = 8}} [[Walter Benjamin]] wrote "Theories of German Fascism" (1930) as a review of ''War and Warrior'', a collection of essays edited by Jünger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/kritiken-und-rezensionen-1912-1931-2981/97|title=Theorien des deutschen Faschismus|last=Benjamin|first=Walter|publisher=Project-Gutenberg-DE|language=de|access-date=30 March 2017}} English translation: {{cite journal|last=Benjamin|first=Walter|translator=Jerolf Wikoff|year=1979|title=Theories of German Fascism: On the Collection of Essays War and Warrior, Edited by Ernst Jünger|journal=New German Critique|issue=17|pages=120–128 |doi=10.2307/488013 |jstor=488013}}</ref> 

[[Martin Heidegger]] was heavily influenced by Jünger's ''The Worker'' although he did not regard Jünger as a philosopher.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heidegger|first=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HAXt8IDlx0C&q=j%C3%BCnger+Heidegger+Nietzsche&pg=PA23|title=The Heidegger Reader|date=2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35371-9|page=22|editor=Günter Figal|language=en}}</ref> Heidegger's interpretation of Jünger's work is compiled in volume 90 of his complete edition, titled "Zu Ernst Jünger".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heidegger, Martin: Zu Ernst Jünger|url=https://www.klostermann.de/Heidegger-Zu-Ernst-Juenger-Ln|access-date=14 December 2020|website=www.klostermann.de|language=de}}</ref>
He is still a popular writer on the far-right, with [[Alain de Benoist]] writing a book length apology in 2020.{{sfn|Schiff|2024|p=47}}

Jünger was immensely popular in France, where at one time 48 of his translated books were in print.{{Sfn | Hofmann | 2003 | pp = x-xi}} 

==Entomology==
From the age of thirteen Jünger developed a passion for [[entomology]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galle |first=Helmut |title=Rotina de guerra e entomologia: a objetividade nos diários de Ernst Jünger |trans-title=War Routine and Entomology: Objectivity in Ernst Jünger's Diaries |journal=Alea: Estudos Neolatinos |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |date=2013 |language=pt |doi=10.1590/S1517-106X2013000100003|url=https://periodicos.ufmg.br/index.php/aletria/article/view/18533|access-date=31 July 2026|doi-access=free }}</ref> and during his First World War service was sent entomological journals from home. During 1917, he was collecting beetles in the trenches and while on patrol, 149 specimens between 2 January and 27 July, which he listed under the title of ''Fauna coleopterologica douchyensis'' ("[[Coleopterology|Coleopterological]] fauna of the [[Douchy-les-Mines|Douchy]] region").<ref name="Kiesel">[[Helmuth Kiesel]], ''Ernst Jünger: Die Biographie'', Siedler Verlag, 2009.</ref> When he enrolled in the [[University of Leipzig]] in the 1920s he studied [[marine biology]], [[zoology]], [[botany]], and [[philosophy]]. Over time he became a well-known [[entomologist]].

In 1985, to mark Jünger's 90th birthday, the German state of [[Baden-Württemberg]] established [[Ernst Jünger Prize]] in Entomology. It is given every three years for outstanding work in the field of entomology. In 1995 he received an honorary membership of the German Society for General and Applied Entomology (''Deutsche Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie'').

==Photography==

Ernst Jünger's photobooks are visual accompaniments to his writings on technology and [[modernity]]. The seven books of photography Jünger published between 1928 and 1934 are representative of the most militaristic and radically right wing period in his writing. Jünger's first photobooks, ''Die Unvergessenen'' (The Unforgotten, 1929) and ''Der Kampf um das Reich'' (The Battle for the Reich, 1929) are collections of photographs of fallen [[World War I]] soldiers and the World War front, many that he took himself. He also contributed six essays on the relationship between war and photography in a photobook of war images called ''Das Antlitz des Weltkrieges: Fronterlebnisse deutscher Soldaten'' (The Face of the World War: Front Experiences of German Soldiers, 1930) and edited a volume of photographs dealing with the first world war, ''Hier spricht der Feind: Kriegserlebnisse unserer Gegner'' (The Voice of the Enemy: War Experiences of our Adversaries, 1931). Jünger also edited a collection of essays, ''Krieg und Krieger'' (War and Warriors, 1930, 1933) and wrote the foreword for a photo anthology of airplanes and flying called ''Luftfahrt ist Not!'' (Flying is imperative! [i.e., a necessity], 1928).<ref>Gil, Isabel Capeloa. 2010. "The Visuality of Catastrophe in Ernst Jünger's ''Der gefährliche Augenblick'' and ''Die veränderte Welt''". KulturPoetik. 10 (1): 62–84.</ref>

==Decorations and awards==
[[File:Ernst Jünger.tiff|thumb|Jünger, wearing both the ''[[Pour le Mérite (military)|Pour le Mérite]]'' and the [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art|Bavarian Maximilian Order]]]]

===Military Decorations===
*1914 [[Iron Cross Second Class]]{{citation needed|date=July 2026}}
*1916 [[Iron Cross First Class]]{{Sfn | Jünger | 1929 | p = [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AThe_Storm_Of_Steel.pdf/139 120]}}
*1917 [[Knight's Cross with Swords of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern]]{{Sfn|Jünger|1929|p=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel/Chapter_15#237 237]}}
*1918 [[Wound Badge in Gold]]
*1918 [[Pour le Mérite (military class)]]{{sfn|Jünger|1929|p=318}}{{sfn|Kiesel|2009|pp=179–181}}
*1934 [[The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918]]
*1939 [[Clasp to the Iron Cross|Clasp to the Iron Cross Second Class]]

Ernst Jünger was the youngest ever{{sfn|Hofmann|2003|p=viii}} as well as the last living recipient of the military class of the '[[Pour le Mérite (military)|Pour le Mérite]]', [[Imperial Germany]]'s highest military decoration, and was one of only eleven infantry company commanders to receive it.  It was given on the recommendation of division commander [[Johannes von Busse]].

===Civilian Awards===
*1956 [[Bremen Literature Prize]] (for ''Am Sarazenentum''); Culture Prize of the city of Goslar{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}}
*1959 Grand Merit Cross{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}}
*1960 Honorary Citizen of the Municipality Wilflingen; honorary gift of the Cultural Committee of the Federation of German Industry
*1965 Honorary Citizen of Rehburg; Immermann Prize of the city of Düsseldorf
*1970 Freiherr- vom-Stein- Gold Medal of the Alfred Toepfer Foundation
*1973 Literature Prize of the Academy Amriswil (Organizer: Dino Larese; Laudations: Alfred Andersch, François Bondy, Friedrich Georg Jünger)
*1974 [[Schiller Memorial Prize]] of Baden-Württemberg
*1977 Aigle d'Or the city of Nice, Great Federal Cross of Merit with Star
*1979 Médaille de la Paix (Peace Medal) of the city of Verdun
*1980 Medal of Merit of the State of Baden-Württemberg
*1981 Prix Europa Littérature the Fondation Internationale pour le Rayonnement des Arts et des Lettres; Prix Mondial Cino the Fondation Simone et del Duca (Paris), Gold Medal of the Humboldt Society
*1982 [[Goethe Prize]] of Frankfurt{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}}
*1983 Honorary Citizen of the city of Montpellier; Premio Circeo the Associazione Italo – Germanica Amicizia (Association of Italian–German friendship)
*1985 Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]{{sfn|Hoffacker|1992}}
*1986 [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]
*1987 Premio di Tevere (awarded by Francesco Cossiga in Rome)
*1989 honorary doctorate from the [[University of the Basque Country]] in Bilbao
*1990 Oberschwäbischer Art Prize
*1993 Grand Prize of the Jury of the Venice Biennale
*1993 [[Robert Schuman Prize, Alfred Toepfer Foundation]]
*1995 honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Arts of the [[Complutense University of Madrid]]

==Bibliography==

===Collected works===

Jünger's works were edited in ten volumes in 1960–1965 by Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart,<ref>{{Citation | first = Ernst | last = Jünger | language = de | title = Werke | year = 1961–1965}} (10 vols.)</ref> and again in 18 volumes by Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart in 1978–1983, with four supplement volumes added posthumously, 1999–2003.<ref>{{Citation | first = Ernst | last = Jünger | language = de | title = Sämtliche Werke | year = 1979}} (18 vols.)</ref> The ''Sämtliche Werke'' edition is now partially out of print (out of print {{as of|2015|12|lc=y}}: vols. 6, 7, 10, 15–18), and was re-issued in 2015 in paperback ({{ISBN|978-3-608-96105-8}}) and [[epub]] (ISBN epub: 978-3-608-10923-8) formats.
A selection from the full collected works in five volumes was published in 1995 (4th ed. 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-608-93235-5}}).

The following is a list of Jünger's original publications in book form (not including journal articles or correspondence).

===Non-fiction===

{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
*1920, In Stahlgewittern (''[[Storm of Steel]]'')
*1922, Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis (''[[War as an Inner Experience]]'')
*1924, ''Das Wäldchen 125'' (''[[Copse 125]]'')
*1925, ''[[Fire and Blood (Jünger novel)|Fire and Blood]]'' (''Fire and Blood'')
*1929, Das abenteuerliche Herz. Aufzeichnungen bei Tag und Nacht (''[[The Adventurous Heart: Recordings by Day and Night]]'')
*1932, Der Arbeiter. Herrschaft und Gestalt (''[[The Worker: Dominion and Form]]'')
*1934, Blätter und Steine (''[[Leaves and Stones]]'')
*1938, Das abenteuerliche Herz. Figuren und Capricios (''{{ill|The Adventurous Heart: Figures and Capriccios|de|Das abenteuerliche Herz}}'')
*1942, {{ill|Gärten und Straßen|de}} (''Gardens and Roads'')
*1943, Myrdun. Briefe aus Norwegen
*1943, Der Friede. Ein Wort an die Jugend Europas und an die Jugend der Welt (''[[The Peace (essay)|The Peace]]'')
*1947, [[Atlantische Fahrt]]
*1947, Sprache und Körperbau
*1948, Ein Inselfrühling
*1949, {{ill|Strahlungen (Ernst Jünger)|lt=Strahlungen|de|Strahlungen (Ernst Jünger)}}
*1951, Am Kieselstrand
*1951, Über die Linie
*1951, Der Waldgang (''The Forest Passage'')
*1953, Der gordische Knoten
*1954, Das Sanduhrbuch
*1955, Am Sarazenturm
*1956, Rivarol
*1958, Jahre der Okkupation
*1959, [[An der Zeitmauer]]
*1960, {{ill|Der Weltstaat|de}}
*1960, Sgraffiti
*1963, Typus, Name, Gestalt
*1966, Grenzgänge. Essays. Reden. Träume
*1967, Subtile Jagden
*1970, Ad hoc
*1970, {{ill|Annäherungen. Drogen und Rausch|de}}
*1974, Zahlen und Götter. Philemon und Baucis. Zwei Essays
*1980, Siebzig verweht I
*1981, Siebzig verweht II
*1983, Maxima – Minima, Adnoten zum 'Arbeiter'
*1984, {{ill|Autor und Autorschaft|de}}
*1987, Zwei Mal Halley
*1990, Die Schere
*1993, Prognosen
*1993, Siebzig verweht III
*1995, Siebzig verweht IV
*1997, Siebzig verweht V
{{div col end}}

===Novels===

*1939, ''Auf den Marmorklippen'' (''[[On the Marble Cliffs]]'')
*1949, ''Heliopolis. Rückblick auf eine Stadt'' (''[[Heliopolis (Jünger novel)|Heliopolis]]'')
*1957, ''Gläserne Bienen'' (''[[The Glass Bees]]'')
*1973, ''{{ill|Die Zwille|de}}''
*1977, ''[[Eumeswil]]''
*1985, ''Eine gefährliche Begegnung'' (''[[A Dangerous Encounter]]'')

===Short stories===

*1923, ''[[Sturm (novella)|Sturm]]''
*1936, ''{{ill|Afrikanische Spiele|de}}'' (''African Diversions'')
*1952, ''{{ill|Die Eberjagd|de}}''
*1952, Besuch auf Godenholm (''[[Visit to Godenholm]]'')
*1983, Aladins Problem (''[[Aladdin's Problem]]'')

===Correspondence===

Klett-Cotta edited Jünger's correspondence with [[Rudolf Schlichter]], [[Carl Schmitt]], [[Gerhard Nebel]], [[Friedrich Hielscher]], [[Gottfried Benn]], [[Stefan Andres]] and [[Martin Heidegger]] in seven separate volumes during 1997–2008.

* Ernst Jünger, Rudolf Schlichter: ''Briefe 1935–1955'', ed. Dirk Heißerer. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1997, {{ISBN|3-608-93682-3}}.
* Ernst Jünger, Carl Schmitt: ''Briefe 1930–1983'', ed. [[Helmuth Kiesel]]. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1999, {{ISBN|3-608-93452-9}}.
* Ernst Jünger, Gerhard Nebel: ''Briefe 1938–1974'', eds. Ulrich Fröschle and Michael Neumann. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2003, {{ISBN|3-608-93626-2}}.
* Ernst Jünger, Friedrich Hielscher: ''Briefe 1927–1985'', eds. Ina Schmidt and Stefan Breuer. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2005, {{ISBN|3-608-93617-3}}.
* Gottfried Benn, Ernst Jünger: ''Briefwechsel 1949–1956'', ed. Holger Hof. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2006, {{ISBN|3-608-93619-X}}.
* Ernst Jünger, Stefan Andres: ''Briefe 1937–1970'', ed. Günther Nicolin. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-608-93664-3}}.
* Ernst Jünger, Martin Heidegger: ''Briefwechsel 1949–1975.'' eds. Simone Maier, Günter Figal. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-608-93641-4}}.
* ''Alfred Baeumler und Ernst Jünger: Mit einem Anhang der überlieferten Korrespondenz und weiterem Material.'' eds. Ulrich Fröschle und Thomas Kuzias. Thelem Universitätsverlag, Dresden 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-939888-01-7}}.
* Ernst Jünger – Albert Renger-Patzsch. ''Briefwechsel 1943–1966 und weitere Dokumente.'' eds. Matthias Schöning, Bernd Stiegler, Ann and Jürgen Wilde. Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn/München 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-7705-4872-9}}.
* Ernst Jünger, Dolf Sternberger: ''Briefwechsel 1941–1942 und 1973–1980.'' eds. Detlev Schöttker and Anja S. Hübner. In: ''Sinn und Form'', 4/2011, S.&nbsp;448–473<ref>dazu: Detlef Schöttker: [http://www.sinn-und-form.de/index.php?tabelle=leseprobe&titel_id=4381 ''"Gefährlich leben!" Zum Briefwechsel zwischen Ernst Jünger und Dolf Sternberger.''] In: ''Sinn und Form'', 4/2011, S. 437–447.</ref>
*  Luise Rinser und Ernst Jünger Briefwechsel 1939 – 1944, mit einem einleitenden Essay von [[Benedikt Maria Trappen]] Aufgang Verlag, Augsburg 2016, {{ISBN|978-3-945732-10-6}}

===English translations===

Four of his World War II diaries have been translated and published in English as:
*''A German Officer in Occupied Paris: The War Journals 1941–1945: First Paris Journal, Notes from the Caucasus, Second Paris Journal, Kirchhorst Diaries.''
**{{cite book |last=Jünger |first=Ernst |title=A German Officer in Occupied Paris: the war journals, 1941-1945 |translator1=Thomas S. Hansen |translator2=Abby J. Hansen |year=2019 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12740-0 |ref=none}}

The bulk of Jünger's publications remains untranslated, but some of his major novels have appeared in English translation.
* {{cite book|year=1929|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Storm_of_Steel|title=Storm of Steel|first=Ernst |last=Jünger|author-link=Ernst Jünger |language=en|translator-first=Basil |translator-last=Creighton|location=London|publisher=Chatto & Windus}}
*Das Wäldchen 125: Basil Creighton, ''[[Copse 125|Copse 125: A Chronicle from the Trench Warfare of 1918]]''. London: Chatto & Windus (1930).
*Auf den Marmorklippen:	Stuart Hood, ''[[On the Marble Cliffs]]''. London: John Lehmann (1947).
*Der Friede: Stuart Hood, ''The Peace''. Hinsdale, IL: Henry Regnery Company (1948).
*Afrikanische Spiele, Stuart Hood, ''[[African Diversions]]''. London: John Lehmann (1954).
*Gläserne Bienen: Louise Bogan and Elizabeth Mayer, ''[[The Glass Bees]]''. New York: Noonday Press (1960).
*Annäherungen. Drogen Und Rausch: 'Drugs and Ecstasy' in: ''Myths and Symbols. Studies in Honor of Mircea Eliade'', eds. Joseph M. Kitagawa and Charles H. Long. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press (1969), pp.&nbsp;327–42.
*Aladdins Problem: Joachim Neugroschel, ''[[Aladdin's Problem]]''. New York: Marsilio (1992).
*Eumeswil: Joachim Neugroschel, ''[[Eumeswil]]''. New York: Marsilio (1993).
*Eine gefährliche Begegnung: Hilary Barr, ''[[A Dangerous Encounter]]''. New York: Marsilio (1993).
*Über den Schmerz: David C. Durst, ''[[On Pain (essay)|On Pain]]''. New York: Telos Press Publishing (2008).
*Das abenteuerliche Herz. Figuren und Capricios: Thomas Friese, ''[[The Adventurous Heart|The Adventurous Heart: Figures and Capriccios]]''. Candor, NY: Telos Press Publishing (2012).
*Der Waldgang: Thomas Friese, ''[[The Forest Passage]]''. Candor, NY: Telos Press Publishing (2013).
*Besuch auf Godenholm: Annabel Moynihan, ''[[Visit to Godenholm]]''. Stockholm: Edda Publishing (2015).
*Sturm: Alexis P. Walker, ''[[Sturm (novella)|Sturm]]''. Candor, NY: Telos Press Publishing (2015).
*Der Arbeiter. Herrschaft und Gestalt; Bogdan Costea and Laurence Paul Hemming, ''The Worker. Dominion and Form.'' Northwestern University Press (2017)
*In Stahlgewittern:	K.J. Elliott, ''[[In Storms of Steel]].'' (2022).
*Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis: K.J. Elliott, ''[[War as an Inner Experience]].'' (2022).
*Das Wäldchen 125: K.J. Elliott, ''[[Copse 125]].'' (2022).
*Feuer und Blut: K.J. Elliott, ''[[Fire and Blood (Jünger novel)|Fire and Blood]]''. (2022).

==Filmography==

* ''La Guerre d'un seul homme'' (''One Man's War'') (1981). Film directed by [[Edgardo Cozarinsky]] juxtaposing excerpts from Jünger's World War II diaries during his years in Paris with French propaganda films of the same period.
* ''[[102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst Jünger]]'' (''102 år i hjärtat av Europa'') (1998), Swedish documentary film by Jesper Wachtmeister and Björn Cederberg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?itemid=37639&type=MOVIE |title=102 år i hjärtat av Europa (1998) |work=[[Swedish Film Database]] |publisher=[[Swedish Film Institute]] |access-date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413061851/https://sfi.se/en-GB/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=MOVIE&itemid=37639 |archive-date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
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* {{citation | last = Biro | first = Matthew | title = The new man as cyborg: Figures of technology in Weimar visual culture | journal = New German Critique | volume = 62 | issue = 62 | pages = 71–110 | year = 1994 | doi=10.2307/488510| jstor = 488510 }}
* {{cite book|title=German Literature: A Very Short Introduction|author-link=Nicholas Boyle|first=Nicholas |last=Boyle|date=28 February 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford}}
* {{Citation | title = The Violent Eye: Ernst Jünger's Visions and Revisions on the European Right | first = Marcus P | last = Bullock | publisher = [[Wayne State University]] Press | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-8143-2334-0}}.
* {{citation | last = Bullock | first = Marcus. "Ernst Jünger." |title= ''Encyclopedia of German Literature, Volume 2 J – Z'', ed. Matthias Konzett | place = Chicago | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | year = 2000}}.
* {{cite web|url=https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/|title=Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?|last=François|first=Stéphane|author-link=Stéphane François|date=24 August 2009|website=Fragments sur les Temps Présents|language=fr|access-date=23 July 2019}}
* {{Citation | last1 = Garland | first1 = Mary | last2 = Garland | first2 = Henry | contribution = Ernst Jünger | title = Companion to German Literature | editor-first = Mary | editor-last = Garland | place = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1997a}}.
* {{citation | last1 = Garland | first1 = Mary | last2 = Garland | first2 = Henry | contribution = In Stahlgewittern | title = Companion to German Literature | editor-first = Mary | editor-last = Garland | place = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1997b}}
* {{cite web|last=Godshall|first=Kevin|title=Storm of Steel|url=https://campuspress.yale.edu/modernismlab/storm-of-steel/|website=Modernism Lab|publisher=Yale University|date=2012|access-date=5 August 2026}}<!--- Best guess as to the year written--->
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Griffiths|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Griffiths (historian, born 1935)|chapter=JUNGER, ERNST (1895-1998)|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/worldfascism1/page/358/|editor-last=Blamires|editor-first=Cyprian|title=World Fascism|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-940-9|url=https://archive.org/details/worldfascism1/|pp=358–359}}
* {{Citation | title = The Details of Time: Conversations With Ernst Jünger | first = Julien | last = Hervier | publisher = Marsilio | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-941419-95-9}}.
* {{cite encyclopedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616184123/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/j/Juenger.shtml |url=http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/j/Juenger.shtml|archive-date=2007-06-16| title=Ernst Jünger| lang=de|first=Ursula|last=Hoffacker|encyclopedia=[[Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon]]|volume =3|year=1992}}
* <!--- This, and the included Jünger cite, are required by referencing and should not be removed. --> {{cite book |chapter=Introduction |first=Michael |last=Hofmann |year=2003 |editor-last1=Jünger |editor-first1=Ernst |title=Storm of Steel |publisher=Penguin |author-link=Michael Hofmann |location=London}}
* {{Citation | title = Reactionary Modernism (Chapter Four) | first = Jeffrey | last = Herf | place = New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1984}}.
* {{cite book|title=The First World War|location=London|publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]]|year=1998|ISBN=0-09-180178-8|first=John |last=Keegan|author-link=John Keegan}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Kühl|first=Richard|title=Jünger, Ernst|encyclopedia=1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War|editor-last1=Daniel|editor-first1=Ute|editor-last2=Gatrell|editor-first2=Peter|editor-last3=Janz|editor-first3=Oliver|editor-last4=Jones|editor-first4=Heather|editor-last5=Keene|editor-first5=Jennifer D.|editor-last6=Kramer|editor-first6=Alan|editor-last7=Nasson|editor-first7=Bill|publisher=Freie Universität Berlin|location=Berlin|date=8 October 2014|doi=10.15463/ie1418.10295|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/junger-ernst/|access-date=31 August 2026}}
* {{cite thesis |last=King |first=John |title=Writing and Rewriting the First World War: Ernst Jünger and the Crisis of the Conservative Imagination, 1914–25 |degree=PhD |publisher=St John's College, Oxford |date=1999 |url=https://www.calameo.com/read/000127172a74464adba12 |access-date=26 July 2026}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kittler |first=Wolf |title=From Gestalt to Ge-Stell: Martin Heidegger Reads Ernst Jünger|journal=Cultural Critique |issue=69 |date=Spring 2008 |pages=79–97 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25475477 |jstor=25475477 |access-date=5 August 2026}}
* {{citation | last = Huyssen|first=Andreas|title=Fortifying the Heart—Totally: Ernst Jünger's Armored Texts|journal=[[New German Critique]]|date=Spring–Summer 1993 | volume=59|issue=59|pages=3–23 |doi=10.2307/488219|jstor=488219}}.
* {{Citation | title = Ernst Jünger | first = Gerhard | last = Loose | isbn = 0-80572479-6 | year = 1974 | publisher = Twayne Publishers | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/ernstjunger00loos }}.
* {{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger/XLW8DQAAQBAJ|title=Ernst Jünger|first=Steffen |last=Martus|author-link=Steffen Martus |year=2016|language=de}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meaney|first1=Thomas|date=March 2023|title=History's Fool: The long century of Ernst Jünger|url=https://harpers.org/archive/2023/03/historys-fool-ernst-junger/|journal=[[Harper's Magazine]]|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=8 November 2024}}
* {{Cite book|last=Merlio|first=Gilbert|chapter=La Révolution conservatrice : contre-révolution ou révolution d'un nouveau type|title=Les intellectuels et l'État sous la République de Weimar|year=1992|editor-last1=Gangl|editor-first1=Manfred|editor-last2=Roussel|editor-first2=Hélène|publisher=Les Editions de la MSH|isbn=978-2-7351-0541-0}}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title.php?rowtag=MitchellDevils | title = The Devil's Captain: Ernst Jünger in Nazi Paris, 1941–1944 | first = Allan | last = Mitchell | publisher = Berghahn Books |date=May 2011| isbn = 978-0-85745-114-9 }}.
* {{Citation | title = A Dubious Past: Ernst Jünger and the Politics of Literature After Nazism | first = Elliot Y | last = Neaman | publisher = [[University of California, Berkeley]] | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-520-21628-8|author-link=Elliot Neaman}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Ernst Jünger and Storms of Steel |first=Elliot Y|last=Neaman|author-link=Elliot Neaman|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190877583.003.0002|url-access=subscription|pp=22–35|date=21 February 2019|title=Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy|editor-link=Mark Sedgwick|editor-first=Mark |editor-last=Sedgwick}}
* {{Citation | title = Ernst Jünger and Germany: Into the Abyss, 1914–1945 | first = Thomas | last = Nevin | publisher = [[Duke University Press]] | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8223-1879-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dG43uaZNSC0C}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Schiff|first=Nick|title=From “Total Destruction” to “Total Dictatorship”: The Influence of Ernst Jünger’s Visionary Fascism|type=Master's thesis|publisher=[[CUNY Graduate Center|The Graduate Center, City University of New York]]|degree=Master of Arts|date=June 2024|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/5842|access-date=30 August 2026}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.iaslonline.de/index.php?vorgang_id=2382 |title=Ernst Jünger und die "Konservative Revolution". Überlegungen aus Anlaß der Edition seiner politischen Schriften |author-last=Schloßberger |author-first=Matthias |website=iaslonline.de  |trans-title=Ernst Jünger and the "Conservative Revolution". Considerations on the occasion of the edition of his political writings|year=2001|language=de}}
* {{cite book|editor-link=Heimo Schwilk|editor-first=Heimo |editor-last=Schwilk|title=Ernst Jünger: Leben und Werk in Bildern und Texten|lang=de|publisher=Klett-Cotta|year=2010}}
* {{Citation | title = Ernst Jünger, A Writer of Our Time | author-link = J. P. Stern | first = JP | last = Stern | series = Studies in Modern European Literature and Thought | publisher = Bowes & Bowes | place = [[Cambridge]] | year = 1953}}.
* {{citation | last = Strathausen | first = Carsten | title = The Return of the Gaze: Stereoscopic Vision in Jünger and Benjamin | journal = New German Critique | volume = 80 | issue = 80 | pages = 125–148 | year = 2000 | doi=10.2307/488636| jstor = 488636 }}.
* {{Citation | title = Ernst Jünger and the Nature of Political Commitment | first = Roger|author-link=Roger Woods| last = Woods | place = [[Stuttgart]] | year = 1982}}.
* {{cite book|last=Woods|first=Roger|chapter=Ernst Jünger, the New Nationalists, and the Memory of the First World War|editor-last=Leydecker|editor-first=Karl|title=German Novelists of the Weimar Republic: Intersections of Literature and Politics|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2006|pages=125–140|isbn=9781571132888|author-link=Roger Woods|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/german-novelists-of-the-weimar-republic/ernst-junger-the-new-nationalists-and-the-memory-of-the-first-world-war/C4C926515EA5D36813B075B4FB4DB71B|access-date=1 September 2026|chapter-url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite web|last=Zabecki|first=David T.|title=Valor: The Last Blue Max|url=https://historynet.com/valor-last-blue-max/|website=HistoryNet|date=8 December 2017|access-date=31 August 2026}}
* Hervier, Julien, ''Ernst Jünger: dans les tempêtes du siècle'', Fayard, Paris, 2014
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Sister project links|s=Author:Ernst Jünger|wikt=no|v=no|n=no}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|about=yes|wikititle=Ernst Jünger}}
* [https://juenger-gesellschaft.com/ Ernst und Friedrich Jünger Gesellschaft]
* [https://www.juenger-haus.de/ Jünger-Haus Wilflingen]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ernst Jünger |sopt=w}}
* {{Books and Writers |id=ejunger |name=Ernst Jünger}}

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