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	* {{Internet Archive author \|sname=Georg Büchner \|sopt=w}}		* {{Internet Archive author \|sname=Georg Büchner \|sopt=w}}

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{{Short description|German dramatist (1813–1837)}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox writer
| name = Georg Büchner
| image = Georg Büchner - Franzos-Werkausgabe !04.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pencil drawing of Büchner, {{circa|1835}}
| pen_name =
| birth_name = Karl Georg Büchner
| birth_date = {{birth date|1813|10|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goddelau]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1837|2|19|1813|10|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Zürich]], Switzerland
| occupation = Dramatist
| education = [[University of Strassburg]], [[University of Giessen]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notable_works = ''[[Danton's Death]]''; ''[[Leonce and Lena]]''; ''[[Woyzeck]]''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = [[Ludwig Büchner]], [[Luise Büchner]], [[Ernst Büchner]]
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Karl Georg Büchner''' (17 October 1813 – 19 February 1837) was a German dramatist and writer of poetry and prose, considered part of the [[Young Germany]] movement. He was also a revolutionary and the brother of physician and philosopher [[Ludwig Büchner]]. His literary achievements, though limited by his death at age 23, are generally held in great esteem in [[Germany]]. Despite his brief career, his plays profoundly influenced naturalism, expressionism, and later developments in European theater.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

At the age of 21, Büchner, with others, wrote a pamphlet entitled ''[[The Hessian Courier]]'' that has been called the most revolutionary manifesto of the nineteenth century before ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=第三版·网络版|publisher=中国大百科全书出版社|last1=张玉书|last2=李昌珂|title=毕希纳，G.|encyclopedia=中国大百科全书|access-date=2024-01-10|date=2023-04-05 |url=https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=28723&Type=bkzyb&SubID=43586|archive-date=2024-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110095304/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=28723&Type=bkzyb&SubID=43586 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Born in [[Riedstadt|Goddelau]] (now part of [[Riedstadt]]) in the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]] as the son of a physician, Büchner attended the [[Darmstadt]] [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]], a [[humanism|humanistic]] secondary school.<ref name="Garland">"Büchner, Georg." Garland, Henry and Mary (Eds.). ''The Oxford Companion to German Literature''. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. p. 121.</ref>

In 1828, he became interested in politics and joined a circle of [[William Shakespeare]] aficionados, which later on probably became the [[Giessen]] and Darmstadt section of the Society for Human Rights ({{lang|de|Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte}}).

In 1831, at age 18, he began to study medicine in [[Strasbourg]]. In Strasbourg, he immersed himself in [[French literature]] and political thought. He was influenced by the [[utopian socialism|utopian communist]] theories of [[François-Noël Babeuf]] and [[Claude Henri de Saint-Simon]]. In 1833, he moved to Giessen and continued his studies at the [[University of Giessen|local university]].

[[File:Muston Büchner 1835.jpg|thumb|Büchner in a 1833/34 drawing by his friend [[Alexis Muston]]]]

While Büchner continued his studies in Giessen, he established a secret society dedicated to the revolutionary cause. In July 1834, with the help of evangelical theologian [[Friedrich Ludwig Weidig]], he published the leaflet ''[[The Hessian Courier|Der Hessische Landbote]] (The Hessian Courier)'', a revolutionary pamphlet critical of social injustice in the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. The authorities charged them with treason and issued a warrant for their arrest. Weidig was arrested, tortured and later died in prison in Darmstadt; Büchner managed to flee across the border to Strasbourg, where he wrote most of his literary work and translated two French plays by [[Victor Hugo]], ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (play)|Lucrèce Borgia]]'' and ''[[Marie Tudor]]''. Two years later, his medical dissertation, "Mémoire sur le Système Nerveux du Barbeaux (Cyprinus barbus L.)" was published in Paris and Strasbourg. In October 1836, after receiving his M.D. and being appointed by the [[University of Zürich]] as a lecturer in anatomy, Büchner relocated to [[Zürich]], where he spent his final months writing and teaching until his death from [[typhus]] at the age of twenty-three.
[[File:Zürich - Rigiblick - Germaniahügel - Georg Büchner IMG 4338.JPG|thumb|180px|Gravestone of Georg Büchner on ''Germaniahügel'' in Zürich-[[Oberstrass]]]]

His first play, ''Dantons Tod'' (''[[Danton's Death]]''), about the [[French Revolution]], was published in 1835, followed by ''[[Lenz (fragment)|Lenz]]'' (first partly published in [[Karl Gutzkow]]'s and Wienberg's ''Deutsche Revue'', which was quickly banned). ''Lenz'' is a novella based on the life of the [[Sturm und Drang]] poet [[Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz]]. In 1836, his second play, ''[[Leonce and Lena]]'', satirized the nobility. His unfinished and most famous play, ''[[Woyzeck]]'', exists only in fragments and was published posthumously.

==Legacy==
By the 1870s, Büchner was nearly forgotten in Germany when [[Karl Emil Franzos]] edited his works; these later became a major influence on the [[naturalism (theatre)|naturalist]] and [[expressionist]] movements. [[Arnold Zweig]] described ''Lenz'', Büchner's only work of prose fiction, as "the beginning of modern European prose".

The play ''Woyzeck'' became the basis for many adaptations, including [[Alban Berg]]'s landmark [[atonality|atonal]] opera ''[[Wozzeck]]'', which premiered in 1925, and [[Werner Herzog]]'s 1979 film ''[[Woyzeck (1979 film)|Woyzeck]]'' (see main article, ''[[Woyzeck]]'', for a full list). ''Woyzeck'' has been included in the [[curriculum]] for [[Education_in_Germany#Secondary_education|students in grade 12 in Germany]].

A German literary [[Georg Büchner Prize]] is awarded annually. It was created in 1923.

==Works==
* ''[[The Hessian Courier]]'', 1834 – in cooperation with [[Friedrich Ludwig Weidig]] (Flugschrift)
* ''[[Danton's Death]]'', 1835 (Drama)
* ''[[Lenz (fragment)|Lenz]]'', 1835 (Novella, unfinished)
* ''[[Leonce and Lena]]'', 1836 (Comedy)
* ''[[Woyzeck]]'', 1837 (Drama – fragment)
* ''Pietro Aretino'', his drama about [[Pietro Aretino]], has been lost.
* Translations:
** ''Lucrezia Borgia'', 1835 (Of the play by [[Victor Hugo]])
** ''Maria Tudor'', 1835 (Of the play by [[Victor Hugo]])

===Editions===
*Georg Büchner: ''Sämtliche Werke und Schriften''. Marburger Ausgabe. Hrsg. v. Burghard Dedner und Thomas Michael Mayer. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2000. {{ISBN|3-534-14520-8}}, The standard critical edition.
*Georg Büchner: ''Werke und Briefe''. Münchener Ausgabe. Hrsg. v. Karl Pörnbacher, Gerhard Schaub, Hans-Joachim Simm, Edda Ziegler. 8. Auflage. Hanser, München 2001, S.67–133. {{ISBN|3-423-12374-5}}.
*Georg Büchner, ''Dichtungen, Schriften, Briefe und Dokumente'' (Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 2006). {{ISBN |978-3-618-68013-0}}.

===Translations===
*{{cite book |last1=Büchner |first1=Georg |translator1-last=Dunlop|translator1-first=Geoffrey|title=The plays of Georg Büchner |date=1928 |publisher=Viking |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last1=Büchner |first1=Georg |title=Complete Plays and Prose |translator-last=Mueller|translator-first=Carl Richard|date=1963 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |pages=1-71}}
*{{cite book |last1=Büchner |first1=Georg |translator1-last=Price|translator1-first=Victor|title=Danton's Death Leonce and Lena Woyzeck|date=1971|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-283650-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Büchner |first1=Georg |translator1-last=Schmidt|translator1-first=Henry J.|title=The Complete Collected Works|date=1977|publisher=Avon|location=New York|isbn=0380018152}}
*{{cite book |last1=Büchner |first1=Georg |translator1-last=Reddick|translator1-first=John|title=Complete Plays, Lenz and Other Writings|date=1993|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=9780140445862|pages=1–73}}
* [http://redyucca.wordpress.com/category/georg-buchner/ Red Yucca – German Poetry in Translation] (trans. Eric Plattner)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last=Garland | first=Henry Burnand | last2=Garland | first2=Mary | title=The Oxford Companion to German Literature | publisher=Oxford [Oxfordshire] ; New York : Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=1986 | isbn=978-0-19-866139-9}} "Büchner, Georg", p. 121.
* {{cite book | last=Boehncke | first=Heiner | last2=Brunner | first2=Peter | last3=Sarkowicz | first3=Hans | title=Die Büchners, oder, Der Wunsch, die Welt zu verändern | publisher=Societäts-Verl | publication-place=Frankfurt am Main | date=2008 | isbn=978-3-7973-1045-3 | language=de}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1690}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Büchner, Georg|name=Georg Büchner|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Georg Büchner |sopt=w}}
* {{Librivox author |id=703}}
* {{IBDB name|5766}}
* {{IMDb name|0127253}}
* Series on life of Georg Büchner, by Sybille Fuchs, reviewing ''Georg Büchner: Revolutionary with pen and scalpel'', an exhibition from 13 October 2013 to 16 February 2014 at the Darmstadium Conference Centre, Darmstadt: [http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/01/11/buch-j11.html Part 1] – [http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/01/13/buch-j13.html Part 2] – [http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/01/14/buch-j14.html Part 3] – [http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/01/15/buch-j15.html Part 4] – [http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/01/16/buc5-j16.html Part 5]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051104015822/http://www.leserattenforum.de/lrf/Projekt/Buechner/Haus/Rundgang.htm Büchner's birthplace]

{{German literature}}
{{Georg Büchner}}
{{Woyzeck}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buchner, Georg}}
[[Category:1813 births]]
[[Category:1837 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Groß-Gerau (district)]]
[[Category:People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse]]
[[Category:German non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:German medical writers]]
[[Category:German expressionist writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Hesse]]
[[Category:19th-century German dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century German male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Zurich]]
[[Category:University of Strasbourg alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from typhus]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Switzerland]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]

Georg Büchner - Revision history

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