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{{Short description|Swiss philosopher and poet (1821–1881)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Henri-Frédéric Amiel
| image = Portrait of Henri-Frédéric Amiel.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Amiel, c. 1888
| pen_name =
| birth_date = 27 September 1821
| birth_place = [[Geneva]], [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1881|5|11|1821|9|27}}
| death_place = Geneva, Switzerland
| occupation = Philosopher, poet, critic
| period = 19th century
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| spouse =
| religion =
| partner =
| children =
| signature = Signature of Henri-Frédéric Amiel.jpg
}}
'''Henri Frédéric Amiel''' ({{IPA|fr|ɑ̃ʁi fʁedeʁik amjɛl|lang}}; 27 September 1821 – 11 May 1881) was a Swiss [[moral philosophy|moral philosopher]], poet, and critic.

==Biography==
Born in [[Geneva]] in 1821, Amiel was descended from a [[Huguenot]] family that moved to [[Switzerland]] following the revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

After losing his parents at an early age, Amiel travelled widely, became intimate with the intellectual leaders of [[Europe]], and made a special study of [[German philosophy]] in [[Berlin]]. In 1849 he was appointed professor of aesthetics at the academy of Geneva, and in 1854 became professor of moral philosophy.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

These appointments, conferred by the democratic party, deprived him of the support of the aristocratic party,{{why?|date=November 2021}} whose patronage dominated all the culture of the city. This isolation inspired the one book by which Amiel is still known, the ''Journal Intime'' ("Private Journal"), which, published after his death, obtained a European reputation.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} It was translated into [[English language|English]] by British writer [[Mary Augusta Ward]] at the suggestion of academic [[Mark Pattison (academic)|Mark Pattison]].<ref>Sanders, Valerie (1996). ''Eve's Renegades: Victorian Anti-Feminist Women Novelists.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 37.</ref>
[[File:GraveHenriFredericAmiel-CimetiereClarensVD RomanDeckert29022024.jpg|thumb|Amiel's grave ]]
Although modest in volume of output, Amiel's ''Journal'' gained a sympathy that the author had failed to obtain in his life. In addition to the ''Journal'', he produced several volumes of [[poetry]] and wrote studies on [[Erasmus]], [[Madame de Stael]] and other writers.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} His extensive correspondence with Égérie, his muse name for Louise Wyder, was preserved and published in 2004.<ref>Henri Frédéric Amiel, Louise Wyder, Louis Vannieuwenborgh - 2004 Louise Wyder, " Égérie ", est l'une d'entre elles. Proche ou lointaine, elle a accompagné Amiel pendant près de trente-trois ans.</ref>

He died in Geneva on 11 May 1881, at the age of 59. He was buried at the cemetery of [[Clarens, Switzerland|Clarens]] in the canton of Vaud. The tombstone bears an inscription with a quote from the [[Epistle to the Galatians]] 6,8:<blockquote>"CELUI QUI SEME POUR L'ESPRIT MOISSONERA DE L'ESPRIT LA VIE ETERNELLE." ("whoever sows to please the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap eternal life.")</blockquote>The French philosopher [[Ludovic Dugas]], in trying to describe a new psychological phenomenon, took the word [[depersonalization]] from an entry in his ''Journal intime'', "Everything is strange to me, I can be outside of my body, of me as an individual, I am depersonalized, detached, away". Dugas took this as a literal description, but a few paragraphs later Amiel clarifies: "it seems to me that these mental experiences (transformations mentales) are no more than philosophical experiences. I am not committed to any one in particular".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sierra |first1=M. |last2=Berrios |first2=G.E. |date=June 1997 |title=Depersonalization: a conceptual history |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0957154X9700803002 |journal=History of Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=30 |pages=213–229 |doi=10.1177/0957154x9700803002 |pmid=11619439 |s2cid=45671151 |issn=0957-154X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Works ==
* ''Berlin au printemps de l’année 1848'' (1849)
* ''Du mouvement littéraire dans la Suisse romane et de son avenir'' (1849)
* ''Grains de mil'' (1854)
* ''Il penseroso'' (1858)
* ''La Cloche'' (1860)
* ''La Part du rêve'' (1863)
* ''L’Escalade de MDCII'' (1875)
* ''Charles le Téméraire'' (1876)
* ''Les Étrangères'' (1876)
* ''L’Enseignement supérieur à Genève depuis la fondation de l’Académie depuis le 5 juin 1559'' (1878)
* ''Jean-Jacques Rousseau jugé par les Genevois d’aujourd’hui'' (1879)
* ''Jour à jour'' (1880)
* ''Fragments d’un journal intime'' (1884), 2nd ed.
* ''Amiel's Journal: The Journal Intime of Henri-Frédéric Amiel'' (1885), trans. by [[Mary Augusta Ward|Mrs. Humphry Ward]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv7CDwAAQBAJ Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv7CDwAAQBAJ preview.] Macmillan.
* ''Philine'' (1927)
* ''Lettres de jeunesse'' (1904)
* ''Essais, critiques'' (1931)

== See also ==
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henri-Frédéric_Amiel Henri-Frédéric Amiel - Wikiquote] (external link)

==References==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Amiel, Henri Frédéric|volume=1|page=855}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Matthew Arnold|Arnold, Matthew]] (1888). [https://archive.org/stream/essaysincriticis00arnorich#page/300/mode/2up "Amiel."] In: ''Essays in Criticism.'' London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 300–331.
* [[William Francis Barry|Barry, William]] (1909). [https://archive.org/stream/heraldsofrevolts00barrrich#page/102/mode/2up "An Apostle of Nirvana: H.F. Amiel."] In: ''Heralds of Revolt.'' London: Hodder & Stoughton, pp. 102–119.
* [[Van Wyck Brooks|Brooks, Van Wyck]] (1913). [https://archive.org/stream/maladyofideal00brooiala#page/80/mode/2up "Amiel."] In: ''The Malady of the Ideal.'' London: A.C. Fifield, pp. 81–103.
* [[Walter Pater|Pater, Walter]] (1901). [https://archive.org/stream/essaysfromthegua00paterich#page/16/mode/2up "Amiel's 'Journal Intime'."] In: ''Essays from 'The Guardian'.'' London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 17–37.
* [[Mary Augusta Ward|Ward, Mary A.]] (1921). Introduction to [https://archive.org/stream/amielsjournaljouamie00rich#page/n9/mode/2up ''Amiel's Journal.''] London: Macmillan & Co., pp. vii–xliii.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=4727}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henri Frédéric Amiel}}
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Amiel,%20Henri%20Fre%CC%81de%CC%81ric,%201821-1881.%22&type=author&inst= Works by Henry Frédéric Amiel] at [[HathiTrust]]
* {{Librivox author |id=1134}}
* [https://www.amiel.org/atelier/ www.amiel.org/atelier/] website in French dedicated to Henri-Frédéric Amiel

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amiel, Henri-Frederic}}
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Geneva]]
[[Category:Swiss Protestants]]
[[Category:French-language Swiss writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Swiss philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Protestant mystics]]
[[Category:Christian poets]]
[[Category:Philosophers of art]]
[[Category:Protestant philosophers]]
[[Category:Swiss diarists]]
[[Category:Swiss people of French descent]]
[[Category:French-language Swiss poets]]
[[Category:Swiss male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Swiss poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Swiss male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century diarists]]
[[Category:19th-century male poets]]

Henri-Frédéric Amiel - Revision history

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