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{{Short description|French novelist (1903–1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{fnh|Lvovna|Nemirovskaya|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Irène Némirovsky
| image = Irene_Nemirovsky_25yo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Némirovsky {{circa|1928}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1903|2|11|df=y}}
| birth_name = Irina Lvovna Nemirovskaya
| birth_place = [[Kiev]], [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1942|8|17|1903|2|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]], [[Province of Upper Silesia|Upper Silesia]], [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]]
| resting_place = [[Oświęcim]], Poland
| occupation = Novelist
| movement = [[Modernism]]
| notable_works = ''[[Suite française (Irène Némirovsky)|Suite française]]''
| spouse = Michel Epstein
| children = 2
}}

'''Irène Némirovsky''' ({{IPA|fr|iʁɛn nemiʁɔfski|lang}}; born '''Irina Lvovna Nemirovskaya''';{{efn|{{langx|ru|Ири́на Льво́вна Неми́ровская}}, {{IPA|ru|ɪˈrʲinə ˈlʲvovnə nʲɪˈmʲirəfskəjə|IPA}}; {{langx|uk|Іри́на Льві́вна Немиро́вська}}, {{IPA|uk|iˈrɪnɐ ˈlʲwiu̯nɐ nemɪˈrɔu̯sʲkɐ|IPA}}.}} 11 February 1903 – 17 August 1942) was a novelist of [[Ukrainian Jew]]ish origin who was born in [[Kiev]], then in the [[Russian Empire]]. She lived more than half her life in France and wrote in [[French language|French]], but was denied French nationality. Arrested as a Jew under the [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|racial laws]]{{snd}}which did not take into account her conversion to [[Roman Catholicism]]<ref name="iht.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/03/07/arts/IDLEDE8.php |title=Early glimpses of Némirovsky's talent |work=International Herald Tribune }}</ref><ref name="nyt_2010">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=P. |date=2010-04-26 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/books/26nemirovsky.html |title=Assessing Jewish Identity of Author Killed by Nazis |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref>{{snd}}she died in [[Auschwitz]] at the age of 39. Némirovsky is best known for the posthumously published ''[[Suite française (Némirovsky)|Suite française]]''.

==Life and career==
Irina Lvovna Nemirovskaya was born in 1903 in Kiev, then [[Russian Empire]], the daughter of a wealthy banker, Lev (later Léon) Borisovich Nemirovsky. Her volatile and unhappy relationship with her mother Fanni Yonovna Margolis Nemirovskya became the heart of many of her novels.<ref name="iht.com"/>

Her family fled the Russian Empire at the start of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] in 1917, spent 1918 in [[Finland]], and then settled in [[Paris]], where Némirovsky attended the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] and began writing when she was 18 years old.

In 1926, Némirovsky married Michel Epstein, a wealthy banker, and had two daughters: Denise, born in 1929; and Élisabeth, in 1937.

In 1929, she published ''[[David Golder]]'', the story of a wealthy Jewish banker unable to please his troubled daughter. It was an immediate success, and was adapted to the big screen by [[Julien Duvivier]] in 1930, with [[Harry Baur]] as David Golder. In 1930, her novel ''Le Bal'', the story of a mistreated daughter and the revenge of a teenager, became a play and a movie.

The ''David Golder'' [[manuscript]] was sent by post to the publishing company Éditions Grasset with a [[poste restante]] address and signed ''Epstein''. H. Muller, a reader for Grasset, immediately tried to find the author but failed, so Grasset advertised in newspapers for the author's identity. However, she was busy bearing her first child, Denise. When Némirovsky finally appeared as the author of ''David Golder'', the unverified story is that the publisher was surprised that such a young woman was able to write such a powerful book.

Although she was widely recognized as a major author{{snd}}even by some [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] writers like [[Robert Brasillach]]{{snd}}[[French nationality law|French nationality]] was denied to the Némirovskys in 1938.

Némirovsky was of [[Russian Jews|Russian-Jewish]] origin, but was [[Baptism|baptized]] into the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 1939 and wrote in ''[[Candide (newspaper)|Candide]]'' and ''[[Gringoire (newspaper)|Gringoire]]'', two magazines with [[ultra-nationalist]] tendencies. After the war started, ''Gringoire'' was the only magazine that continued to publish her work, thus "guarantee[ing] Némirovsky's family some desperately needed income".

By 1940, Némirovsky's husband was unable to continue working at the bank, and Némirovsky's books could no longer be published, because of her Jewish ancestry. Upon the [[Nazi]]s' approach to [[Paris]], they fled with their two daughters to the village of [[Issy-l'Évêque]] (the Némirovskys initially sent them to live with their nanny's family in [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]], while staying on in Paris themselves; they had already lost their Russian home and refused to lose their home in France), where Némirovsky was required to wear the [[Yellow badge|yellow star]].

On 13 July 1942 (three days before the start of the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]]), Némirovsky (then 39) was arrested in front of her daughters as a "stateless person of Jewish descent" by policemen employed by [[Vichy France]]. As she was being taken away, she told her daughters, "I am going on a journey now." She was brought to a [[Pithiviers internment camp|convoy assembly camp at Pithiviers]], and on 17 July 1942, together with 928 other Jewish deportees, transported to the Nazi concentration camp [[Auschwitz]], in Poland. Upon her arrival there two days later, her forearm was marked with an [[Identification in Nazi camps|identification number]]. She died a month later of [[typhus]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Messud|first=Claire|title=Irene Némirovsky--Four Novels|year=2008|publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-26708-5|pages=ix–xix|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> On 6 November 1942, her husband, Michel Epstein, was sent to Auschwitz and immediately murdered in the [[gas chamber]]s.<ref>Suite Française (Vintage Books, New York, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-4000-9627-5}}) Appendix II, translator's note.</ref>

==Rediscovery==
Némirovsky is now best known as the author of the unfinished ''[[Suite française (Némirovsky)|Suite française]]'' (Denoël, France, 2004, {{ISBN|2-207-25645-6}}; translation by Sandra Smith, Knopf, 2006, {{ISBN|1-4000-4473-1}}), two [[novella]]s portraying life in France between 4 June 1940 and 1 July 1941, the period during which the [[Nazi]]s occupied most of [[France]]. These works are considered remarkable because they were written during the actual period itself and yet are the product of considered reflection, rather than just a journal of events, as might be expected considering the personal turmoil experienced by the author at the time.

Némirovsky's older daughter, Denise, kept the notebook containing the manuscript for ''Suite française'' for fifty years without reading it, thinking it was a journal or diary of her mother's, which would be too painful to read. In the late 1990s, however, she made arrangements to donate her mother's papers to a French archive and decided to examine the notebook first. Upon discovering what it contained, she instead had it published in France, where it became a [[bestseller]] in 2004. It sold 2.5 million copies by 2008 and has been translated into 38 languages.

The original manuscript has been given to the ''[[Institut mémoires de l'édition contemporaine]]'' (IMEC), and the novel has won the [[Prix Renaudot]]{{snd}}the first time the prize has been awarded posthumously.

Némirovsky's surviving notes sketch a general outline of a [[story arc]] that was intended to include the two existing novellas, as well as three more to take place later during the war and at its end. She wrote that the rest of the work was "in limbo, and what limbo! It's really in the lap of the gods since it depends on what happens."

In a January 2006 interview with the BBC, her daughter Denise said, "For me, the greatest joy is knowing that the book is being read. It is an extraordinary feeling to have brought my mother back to life. It shows that the Nazis did not truly succeed in killing her. It is not vengeance, but it is a victory."

==Controversy==
Several reviewers and commentators<ref>[http://www.nextbook.org/cultural/feature.html?id=414 Nextbook: Behind the Legend] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713004528/http://www.nextbook.org/cultural/feature.html?id=414 |date=2007-07-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/22/secondworldwar.religion | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Truth, lies and anti-semitism | first=Stuart | last=Jeffries | date=February 22, 2007 | access-date=May 5, 2010}}</ref> have raised questions regarding Némirovsky's [[Conversions of Jews to Christianity#To Roman Catholicism|conversion to Catholicism]], her generally negative depiction of Jews in her writing and her use of [[ultra-nationalist]] publications to provide for her family.

[[Myriam Anissimov]]'s introduction to the French edition of ''Suite française'' describes Némirovsky as a "[[self-hating Jew]]", due to the fact that Némirovsky's own situation as a [[Jews in France|Jew in France]] is not at all seen in the work. The paragraph was omitted from the English edition.<ref>''The New York Times'' "Ambivalence as Part of Author's Legacy." Rothstein, Edward. Oct. 21, 2008.</ref>

A long article in ''[[Jewish Quarterly|The Jewish Quarterly]]'' argued that there had been an "abdication of critical responsibility in exchange for the more sensational copy to be had from Némirovsky’s biography" by most reviewers in the British press.<ref>{{cite news |last= Koelb |first= Tadzio |title= Irène Némirovsky and the Death of the Critic |date= Autumn 2008 |work= The Jewish Quarterly |location= London |url= http://www.jewishquarterly.org/issuearchive/article05e1.html?articleid=400 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120907142852/http://www.jewishquarterly.org/issuearchive/article05e1.html?articleid=400 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 September 2012 |access-date= 13 March 2011 }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=The emperor is naked, this words goulash makes no sense.|date=July 2021}}

==''Fire in the Blood''==
In 2007, another novel by Némirovsky was published, after a complete manuscript was found in her archives by two French biographers. ''Chaleur du sang''{{snd}}translated to English by Sandra Smith as ''Fire in the Blood''{{snd}}is a tale of country folk in a Burgundy village, based on [[Issy-l'Évêque]] where Némirovsky and her family found temporary refuge while hiding from the Nazis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/books/review/Benfey-t.html?_r=0|title=In the Heart of the Country|last=Benfey|first=Christopher|date=21 October 2007|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=8|access-date=2 January 2013}}</ref>

==Works==

=== Published during the author's life ===
* ''L'Enfant génial'' (Éditions Fayard, 1927). Was renamed by the publisher ''L'enfant prodige'' in 1992 with the approval of Némirovsky's daughters, because the French term ''génial'' had become widely used in slang (similar to ''awesome'') and no longer had the same connotations.
* ''[[David Golder]]'' (Éditions Grasset, 1929). ''David Golder'', trans. Sylvia Stuart (1930); also trans. Sandra Smith (2007).
* ''[[Le Bal (novella)|Le Bal]]'' (Éditions Grasset, 1930). Trans. Sandra Smith in ''Le Bal / Snow in Autumn'' (2007)
* ''Le malentendu'' (Éditions Fayard, 1930)
* ''Les Mouches d'automne'' (Éditions Grasset, 1931). Trans. Sandra Smith in ''Le Bal / Snow in Autumn'' (2007)
* ''L'Affaire Courilof'' (Éditions Grasset, 1933). ''The Courilof Affair'', trans. Sandra Smith (2008)
* ''Le Pion sur l'échiquier'' ([[Éditions Albin Michel]], 1934)
* ''Films parlés'' (Éditions Nouvelle Revue Française, 1934)
* ''[[Le Vin de solitude]]'' (Éditions Albin Michel, 1935). ''The Wine of Solitude'', trans. Sandra Smith (Vintage, 2012).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Wine of Solitude - Irène Némirovsky|url=http://www.culturecritic.co.uk/books/the-wine-of-solitude-irene-nemirovsky/|access-date=12 July 2024|website=Culture Critic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227093121/http://www.culturecritic.co.uk/books/the-wine-of-solitude-irene-nemirovsky/|archive-date=27 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Jézabel'' (Éditions Albin Michel, 1936). ''A Modern Jezebel'', trans. Barre Dunbar (Henry Holt & Co., 1937); also as ''Jezebel'', trans. Sandra Smith (Vintage, 2010).
* ''La Proie'' (Éditions Albin Michel, 1938)
* ''Deux ''(Éditions Albin Michel, 1939)
* ''Le maître des âmes'' (Revue Gringoire, 1939, published as weekly episodes). ''Master of Souls'', trans. Sandra Smith (2022)
* ''[[The Dogs and the Wolves (novel)|Les Chiens et les loups]]'' (Éditions Albin Michel, 1940). ''The Dogs and the Wolves'', trans. Sandra Smith (2009)

=== Works published posthumously ===
* ''La Vie de Tchekhov'' (Éditions Albin Michel, 1946)
* ''[[Les Biens de ce monde]]'' (Éditions Albin Michel, 1947). ''All Our Worldly Goods'', trans. Sandra Smith (Vintage, 2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irène Némirovsky – All Our Worldly Goods|url=http://www.culturecritic.co.uk/books/irene-nemirovsky-all-our-worldly-goods/|access-date=12 July 2024|website=Culture Critic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607084155/http://www.culturecritic.co.uk/books/irene-nemirovsky-all-our-worldly-goods/|archive-date=7 Jun 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=All Our Worldly Goods|url=https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/nemirovi/allour.htm|access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Complete Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/books/review/growing-up-with-irene-nemirovsky.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Growing Up With Irène Némirovsky|last=Schillinger|first=Liesl|date=2 October 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=12|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
* ''Les Feux de l'automne'' (Éditions Albin Michel, 1957). ''The Fires of Autumn'', trans. Sandra Smith (2014).
* ''Dimanche'' (short stories) ([[Stock (publishing house)|Éditions Stock]], 2000). ''Dimanche and Other Stories'', trans. Bridget Patterson ([[Persephone Books]], 2010)
* ''Destinées et autres nouvelles'' (Éditions Sables, 2004)
* ''[[Suite française (Irène Némirovsky)|Suite française]]'' (Éditions Denoël, 2004). ''Suite Française'', trans. Sandra Smith ([[Chatto & Windus]], 2004; [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 2006).
* ''Le maître des âmes'' (Éditions Denoël, 2005)
* ''Chaleur du sang'' (Éditions Denoël, 2007). ''Fire in the Blood'', trans. Sandra Smith (Chatto & Windus, 2007, {{ISBN|9780701181833}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire in the Blood By Irène Némirovsky|url=http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/fire-blood/ir-ne-n-mirovsky|access-date=14 January 2023 |website=Bookmarks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908063652/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/fire-blood/ir-ne-n-mirovsky|archive-date=8 Sep 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Fire in the Blood|url=https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/nemirovi/fireitb.htm|access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Complete Review |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Les vierges et autres nouvelles'', Éditions Denoël, 2009

=== Compilations in English ===

* ''Le Bal / Snow in Autumn'', trans. Sandra Smith (2007)
* ''David Golder, The Ball, Snow in Autumn, The Courilof Affair'', trans. Sandra Smith (2008)

== Awards and honours ==

* 2004: [[Prix Renaudot]], for ''[[Suite française (Némirovsky novel)|Suite française]]''

==Adaptations==
* An opera made from the 1930 novel ''Le Bal'' was first performed in 2010 at the Hamburg Opera House, Germany (composed by Oscar Strasnoy, adapted by Matthew Jocelyn.)
* A dramatization of the 1930 novel ''Le malentendu'' was broadcast by BBC Radio as ''The Misunderstanding'' in January 2019.
* A film dramatization of 'Suite Francais' was released by the Weinstein Company, BBC, and others in 2015: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_Fran%C3%A7aise_(film).

==Biography==
A biography of Némirovsky, ''[[Irene Nemirovsky: Her Life And Works]]'', written by [[Jonathan M. Weiss|Jonathan Weiss]], was published in 2006.

==See also==
* [[Hélène Berr]] – French diarist
* [[Hana Brady]] – Jewish girl and Holocaust victim; subject of the children's book ''[[Hana's Suitcase]]''
* [[Helga Deen]] – wrote a diary in Herzogenbusch concentration camp (Camp Vught)
* [[Etty Hillesum]] – wrote a diary in Amsterdam and [[Westerbork concentration camp|Camp Westerbork]]
* [[Věra Kohnová]] – Czech diarist
* [[David Koker]] – wrote a diary in [[Herzogenbusch concentration camp]] (Camp Vught)
* [[Janet Langhart]] – author of a one-act play, "Anne and Emmett"
* [[Rutka Laskier]] – Polish diarist
* [[Bruce Marshall (writer)|Bruce Marshall]] – Scottish novelist; his life has parallels with Némirovsky's and his novel ''[[Yellow Tapers for Paris]]'' is similar to ''[[Suite française (Irène Némirovsky)|Suite française]]''
* [[Tanya Savicheva]] – Russian child [[diary|diarist]]
* [[Sophie Scholl]] – German student executed by the Nazis
* [[Henio Zytomirski]] – Polish boy who was a Holocaust victim
* [[The Dogs and the Wolves (novel)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Lise Jaillant, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/80565608/Jaillant-Irene-Nemirovsky-Helene-Berr "A Masterpiece Ripped from Oblivion: Rediscovered Manuscripts and the Memory of the Holocaust in Contemporary France"], ''Clio'' 39.3 (Summer 2010): 359–79.
* Olivier Philipponnat and Patrick Lienhardt, ''The Life of Irène Némirovsky: 1903–1942'', London: Chatto & Windus, 2010. Translated by Euan Cameron. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-8288-5}}. Available in U. S. May 4, 2010.
* [[Jonathan M. Weiss|Jonathan Weiss]], ''Irène Némirovsky: Her Life and Works'', Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]], 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5481-1}}.
* [[Élisabeth Gille]], ''Le Mirador, Mémoires rêvées'' (by Nemirovsky's youngest daughter, a "dreamed biography" of her mother), Presses de la Renaissance (1992), {{ISBN|2-85616-629-6}}, Available in English from Knopf, Fall 2006.
* {{cite news
|author=Cynthia Zarin
|title=A Strange and Beautiful Book About a Mother Who Disappeared
|date=May 15, 2017
|work=[[The New Yorker Magazine]]
|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-strange-and-beautiful-book-about-a-mother-who-disappeared
|access-date=April 10, 2020
}}

* {{cite news
|title=As France Burned
|date=April 9, 2006
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/books/review/09gray.html?ex=1302235200&en=efa79839c42f4089&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|access-date=August 10, 2008
|first=Paul
|last=Gray
}}
* [[Serge Klarsfeld]], ''Le Memorial de la Deportation des Juifs de France'', Paris, 1978. No pagination.
* Olivier Corpet and Garret White (editors), ''Woman of Letters: Irène Némirovsky and Suite Française'' (with a short story, "The Virgins" by Irène Némirovsky, Five Ties Publishing, September 1, 2008. {{ISBN|9780979472756}}.
* Angela Kershaw, ''Before Auschwitz: Irène Némirovsky and the Cultural Landscape of Inter-war France'', [https://www.routledge.com/products/9780415891035 Routledge], August 1, 2009. {{ISBN|9780415957229}}
* Olivier Philipponnat, [http://booksandideas.net/The-Ambiguities-of-Irene.html "The 'Ambiguities' of Irène Némirovsky"] (review of Angela Kershaw's ''Before Auschwitz: Irène Némirovsky and the Cultural Landscape of Inter-war France'', 18 April 2013, translated into English by Susannah Dale.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023182335/http://www.irenenemirovsky.guillaumedelaby.com/en_index.html Website dedicated to Irène Némirovsky]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070327183650/http://www.irenenemirovsky.guillaumedelaby.com/ Site dédié à l'écrivain Irène Némirovsky]
* [http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Authors/Default.aspx?Page=Author&ID=Nemirovsky,%20Irene Irene Nemirovsky at Random House Australia]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://tsar.mcgill.ca/bibliographie/Irene_Nemirovsky Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210020136/http://tsar.mcgill.ca/bibliographie/Irene_Nemirovsky |date=2017-12-10 }} Inventory and analysis of Irene Némirovsky's non-novelistic writings about novel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415110727/http://wamu.org/audio/dr/06/06/r2060629-11031.asx Interview of Denise Epstein & Sandra Smith] [[WAMU]] American University Radio
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106130247/http://www.jewishliteraryreview.com/post/2007/10/Tell-the-full-story-of-Irene-Nemirovsky.aspx Jewish Literary Review: "Tell the full story of Irène Némirovsky"]
* [http://www.persephonebooks.co.uk/irene-nemirovsky/ Author Profile at Persephone Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182115/http://www.persephonebooks.co.uk/irene-nemirovsky/ |date=2016-04-14 }}

'''Critical reviews of ''Suite française'''''
* {{cite news
|title=As France Burned
|date=April 9, 2006
|work=[[New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/books/review/09gray.html?ex=1302235200&en=efa79839c42f4089&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|access-date=2008-08-10
|first=Paul
|last=Gray
}}
* {{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20110517035316/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article735923.ece|title=Peter Kemp|sec=el}} in [[The Times]]
* [https://www.smh.com.au/news/book-reviews/suite-francaise/2006/03/23/1143083885117.html Andrew Riemer in The Sydney Morning Herald]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713004528/http://www.nextbook.org/cultural/feature.html?id=414 A review] by: Paul La Farge

{{Prix Renaudot}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemirovsky, Irene}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kyiv]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism]]
[[Category:Jewish novelists]]
[[Category:Jewish women novelists]]
[[Category:Deaths from typhus in Poland]]
[[Category:Jewish French writers]]
[[Category:French people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp]]
[[Category:French-language Russian writers]]
[[Category:French writers]]
[[Category:Prix Renaudot winners]]
[[Category:French civilians killed in World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Jews who died in the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Ukrainian people who died in the Holocaust]]
[[Category:French Jews who died in the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France]]
[[Category:20th-century French women novelists]]
[[Category:French women writers]]

Irène Némirovsky - Revision history

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