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	\| caption = Portrait by [[Franz Skarbina]] (1885)		\| caption = Portrait by [[Franz Skarbina]] (1885)
	\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|df=y\|1860\|8\|16}}		\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|df=y\|1860\|8\|16}}

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	'''Jules Laforgue''' ({{IPA\|fr\|ʒyl lafɔʁɡ\|lang}}; 16 August 1860 – 20 August 1887) was a Franco-Uruguayan poet, often referred to as a [[Symbolism (movement)\|Symbolist]] poet. Critics and commentators have also pointed to [[Impressionism]] as a direct influence and his poetry has been called "part-symbolist, part-impressionist".<ref>[[Peter Dale (poet)\|Dale, Peter]]. Poems of Jules Laforgue. Anvil Press, 1986.</ref> Laforgue was a model for [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], including for Renoir's 1881 painting ''[[Luncheon of the Boating Party]]''.		'''Jules Laforgue''' ({{IPA\|fr\|ʒyl lafɔʁɡ\|lang}}; 16 August 1860 – 20 August 1887) was a Franco-Uruguayan poet, often referred to as a [[Symbolism (movement)\|Symbolist]] poet. Critics and commentators have also pointed to [[Impressionism]] as a direct influence and his poetry has been called "part-symbolist, part-impressionist".<ref>[[Peter Dale (poet)\|Dale, Peter]]. Poems of Jules Laforgue. Anvil Press, 1986.</ref> Laforgue was a model for [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], including for Renoir's 1881 painting ''[[Luncheon of the Boating Party]]''.

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{{short description|Franco-Uruguayan poet}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Laforgue portrait painting.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Portrait by [[Franz Skarbina]] (1885)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1860|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Montevideo]], Uruguay
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1887|8|20|1860|8|16}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], France
}}
{{French literature sidebar}}
'''Jules Laforgue''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒyl lafɔʁɡ|lang}}; 16 August 1860 – 20 August 1887) was a Franco-Uruguayan poet, often referred to as a [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] poet. Critics and commentators have also pointed to [[Impressionism]] as a direct influence and his poetry has been called "part-symbolist, part-impressionist".<ref>[[Peter Dale (poet)|Dale, Peter]]. Poems of Jules Laforgue. Anvil Press, 1986.</ref> Laforgue was a model for [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], including for Renoir's 1881 painting ''[[Luncheon of the Boating Party]]''.

==Life==
His parents, Charles-Benoît Laforgue and Pauline Lacollay, met in [[Uruguay]] where his father worked first as a teacher and then a bank employee. Jules was the second of eleven children in the family, the eldest child being Jules' brother Émile, who was to become a sculptor of note. In 1866 the family moved back to France, to [[Tarbes]], his father's hometown, but in 1867 Jules' father and mother chose to return to Uruguay, taking along their nine younger children, leaving Jules and his older brother Émile in Tarbes to be raised with a cousin's family.

In 1876 Jules's father took the family to [[Paris]]. In 1877 his mother died of pneumonia, three months after a miscarriage, and Jules, never a good student, failed his baccalaureate exams. (His classmate [[Henri Bergson]] passed, and went on to great intellectual achievement as a philosopher.)<ref>[[William Everdell|William R. Everdell]], [[The First Moderns|''The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought,'']] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 81.</ref> He failed again in 1878, and then a third time, but on his own began to read the great French authors and visit the museums of Paris.

In 1879 his father became sick and returned to Tarbes, but Jules stayed behind in Paris. He published his first poem in [[Toulouse]]. By the end of the year, he had published several poems and was noticed by well-known authors. In 1880 he moved in the literary circles of the capital and became a protégé of [[Paul Bourget]], the editor of the review ''[[La Vie moderne (periodical)|La Vie moderne]]''.

Much happened to Laforgue in 1881: he attended a course of [[Hippolyte Taine|Taine]]'s lectures and developed a great interest in painting and art. [[Ephrussi family|Charles Ephrussi]], a rich collector, one of the first collectors of [[Impressionist]] art, took Laforgue on as his secretary. The direct influence of Impressionism on Laforgue's early development as a poet is a topic in Laforgue studies. In his introduction to his edition of ''Les Complaintes'', Michael Collie, author of a biography of Laforgue (''Laforgue (1963)''), states that he sees a more or less conscious attempt on Laforgue's part to produce a literary equivalent of Impressionism. In 1881 Laforgue wrote a novel, ''Stephane Vassiliew'' and prepared a collection of poems titled ''The Tears of the Earth'', which he later abandoned, though some pieces were altered for ''Les Complaintes''. Also in 1881 his sister left him alone in Paris to tend to their father who was seriously ill in Tarbes. Around that time, he also began to frequent [[Le Chat Noir]] and adopted the style of ''fumisterie'' (smoke screening). The origins of this can be found in [[Willette]]'s panel cartoon, launched in the Parisian cabaret, which centered on a clown called "Pierrot fumiste" and exerted significant influence on Laforgue.<ref>Everdell, ''The First Moderns,'' 87.</ref> When his father died, Laforgue did not attend the funeral.

From November 1881 until 1886, he lived in [[Berlin]], working as the French reader for the [[Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Empress Augusta]], a sort of cultural counselor. He was well paid and could pursue his interests very freely. In 1885, he wrote ''[[L'Imitation de Notre-Dame la Lune]]'', widely regarded as his masterpiece {{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}.

In 1886, he returned to France and married Leah Lee, an Englishwoman. That year, his poetry was published in ''La Vogue'' alongside the work of [[Arthur Rimbaud]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbolist Landscapes: The Place of Painting in the Poetry and Criticism of Mallarmé and His Circle|last=Kearns|first=James|publisher=MHRA|year=1989|isbn=094762323X|pages=129}}</ref> His poem "''L'Hiver Qui Vient''" ("The Coming Winter") was one of these poems, which he believed set the tone for his work to come.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought|last=Everdell|first=William|publisher=University of Chicago|year=1997|isbn=9780226224817|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226224817}}</ref> While he was able to publish some experimental writings there, his most creative and original work, at least as he saw it, was not published during his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grojnowski|first=Daniel|year=1984|title=Poetics of Free Verse: "Last Verses" by Jules Laforgue (1886)|journal=Literary History of France|volume=84|pages=390–413}}</ref> He died the next year of [[tuberculosis]], four days after his 27th birthday, his wife following him shortly thereafter. When he died, he left an unfinished book of free verse, ''Des Fleurs de Bonne Volonté'', and an unfinished final essay for his series, ''Moral Tales''.<ref name=":0" />

Influenced by [[Walt Whitman]], Laforgue was one of the first French poets to write in [[free verse]]. In fact, his translations of Whitman's poetry, which were published by ''La Vogue'', are believed to have influenced Laforgue's compatriot [[Gustave Kahn]].<ref name=":0" /> Philosophically, he was [[pessimism|pessimist]] and an ardent disciple of [[Schopenhauer]] and [[Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann|Von Hartmann]]. His poetry would be one of the major influences on [[Ezra Pound]] and the young [[T. S. Eliot]] (cf. ''[[The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock|Prufrock]] and other observations''). [[Louis Untermeyer]] wrote,<ref>Untermeyer, Louis. ''A Concise Treasury of Great Poems'', Simon & Schuster, 1953. Only poems originally written in English included.</ref> "''Prufrock'', published in 1917, was immediately hailed as a new manner in English literature and belittled as an echo of Laforgue and the French symbolists to whom Eliot was indebted."

==Works==
* ''Soir de Carnaval'' (ca. 1880)
* ''Stéphane Vassiliew'' (1881, not published until 1943)
* ''Les Complaintes'' (1885)
* ''[[L'Imitation de Notre-Dame la Lune]]'' (1886)
* ''Moralités légendaires'' (1887)
* ''Des Fleurs de bonne volonté'' (1890)
* ''Derniers vers'' (1890)
* ''Berlin, la cour et la ville'' (1922)
* ''Triste triste''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jules Laforgue - Triste, Triste (French Poem)|url=http://friendpoemsfamily.blogspot.com/2018/11/jules-laforgue-triste-triste-french-poem.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Jules Laforgue - Triste, Triste (French Poem)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Triste, triste|url=http://www.laforgue.org/san067.htm|access-date=2020-07-29|website=www.laforgue.org}}</ref> ''(1967)''
* ''Some Poems of Jules Laforgue With Images by Patrick Caulfield'' (London: Petersburg Press, 1973).

==References==
{{Reflist |25em}}
* France, Peter (Ed.) (1995). ''The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866125-8}}.

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Jules Laforgue}}
* {{Librivox author |id=12348}}
*http://www.laforgue.org (in French)
* http://grandementtriste.blogspot.com (in English)

== External links ==

* {{LCAuth|n79099210|Jules Laforgue|55|ue}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laforgue, Jules}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Montevideo]]
[[Category:French poets]]
[[Category:Symbolist poets]]
[[Category:French-language Uruguayan writers]]
[[Category:French male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century poets]]
[[Category:Lycée Condorcet alumni]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in France]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux]]
[[Category:19th-century French male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Uruguayan emigrants to France]]

Jules Laforgue - Revision history

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