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{{short description|German journalist, satirist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kurt Tucholsky
| birth_name =
| image = TucholskyParis1928.jpg
| caption = Tucholsky in Paris, 1928
| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|1|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Berlin]], German Empire
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1935|12|21|1890|1|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gothenburg]], Sweden
| occupation = Journalist, author
| genre =
| movement =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Kurt Tucholsky''' ({{IPA|de|kʊʁt tu.ˈxɔls.ki|lang|De-Kurt Tucholsky.ogg}}; 9 January 1890 – 21 December 1935) was a German journalist, [[satire|satirist]], and writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms '''Kaspar Hauser''' (after the [[Kaspar Hauser|historical figure]]), '''Peter Panter''', '''Theobald Tiger''' and '''Ignaz Wrobel'''.

A politically engaged journalist and temporary co-editor of the weekly magazine ''[[Die Weltbühne]]'', he was also a satirist, an author of satirical political revues, a songwriter, and a poet. He saw himself as a left-wing democrat and pacifist and warned against anti-democratic tendencies — above all in politics and the military — and the threat of [[Nazism]]. His fears were confirmed when the [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Nazis came to power]] in January 1933. In May of that year he was among the authors whose works were [[censorship|banned]] as "[[Degenerate art|un-German]]"<ref>"[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07E4DE1F39EF32A25754C1A9639C946294D6CF&legacy=true German Book Dealers Ban Works of 12 Noted Authors]" (article preview only; subscription required). ''New York Times''. 17 May 1933. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
"A blacklist of twelve 'un-German' authors whose works are to be barred from the German book trade has been compiled by the German Bookdealers' Association and the Militant League of German Culture." Kurt Tucholsky is among the 12 authors named in the article, and his four pen names are also noted.</ref> and [[Nazi_book_burnings|burned]];<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608379/Kurt-Tucholsky|title=Kurt Tucholsky|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica. britannica.com|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> he was also among the first authors and intellectuals whose German citizenship was revoked.<ref>Freeman, Thomas (1997). "1914. Kurt Tucholsky withdraws from the Jewish community", in Sander L. Gilman and Jack Zipes (Eds.), ''Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in German Culture, 1096–1996''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|9780300068245}}. pp. 327–335; here: p. 332. "[Carl Ossietzky and Kurt Tucholsky] were both among the first writers and intellectuals whose books were burned and whose citizenship was revoked."</ref><ref>"[http://www.today-in-history.de/index.php?what=thmanu&manu_id=1481&tag=8&monat=6&year=2016&dayisset=1&lang=en 8.6.1935 <nowiki>[8 June 1935]</nowiki>: German writers stripped of their citizenship]". ''Today in History''. [[Deutsche Welle]]. Retrieved 23 May 2017.</ref>

According to Istvan Deak, Tucholsky was Weimar Germany's most controversial political and cultural commentator. He published over 2,000 essays, manifestos, poems, critiques, aphorisms, and stories.
:In his writings he hit hard at his main enemies in Germany, whom he identified as haughty aristocrats, bellicose army officers, brutal policemen, reactionary judges, anti-republican officials, hypocritical clergymen, tyrannical professors, dueling fraternity students, ruthless capitalists, philistine burghers, opportunistic Jewish businessmen, fascistic petty-bourgeois, Nazis, even peasants, whom he considered generally dumb and conservative….He is admired as an unsurpassed master of satire, of the short character sketch, and of the Berlin jargon.<ref> Istvan Deak, "Tucholsky, Karl," in Dieter K. Buse and Juergen Doerr, eds. ''Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871–1990'' (1998) 2: 1016.
</ref>

His literary works were translated into English, including the 1912 ''[[Rheinsberg (story)|Rheinsberg]]: Ein Bilderbuch für Verliebte'', translated as ''Rheinsberg: A Storybook for Lovers''; and the 1931 ''[[Schloss Gripsholm]]: Eine Sommergeschichte'', translated as ''Castle Gripsholm: A Summer Story''.

==Youth, school and university==
[[File:Grunwaldzki Square in Szczecin, 2018 (5).jpg|thumb|left|Tenement house in Szczecin, where Kurt Tucholsky lived in his early childhood]]
Kurt Tucholsky was born in a [[German Jewish]] family. His parents' house, where he was born on 9 January 1890, was at 13 Lübecker Straße in [[Berlin]]-[[Moabit]]. However, he spent his early childhood in [[Stettin]] (now in Poland), where his father had been transferred for work reasons. Alex Tucholsky had married his cousin Doris Tucholski in 1887 and had three children with her: Kurt, their eldest son, Fritz and Ellen. Tucholsky's relationship with his mother was strained throughout his life; he had a more harmonious relationship with his father, who, however, died in 1905, during Kurt's youth.<ref>Freeman (1997), p. 327–328.</ref> Alex Tucholsky left a considerable fortune to his wife and children, which enabled his eldest son to go to university without any financial worries.

[[File:Ellen Fritz und Kurt Tucholsky 1904.jpg|thumb|right|Kurt Tucholsky (right), 14 years old with his siblings Ellen and Fritz (1904)]]

In 1899, upon his family's return to Berlin, Kurt Tucholsky attended the French Grammar School ([[Französisches Gymnasium Berlin]]).<ref name="Freeman-p327">Freeman (1997), p. 327.</ref> In 1903 he transferred to the [[Royal Wilhelm Gymnasium]];<ref name="Freeman-p327" /> he failed out of gymnasium in 1907 and subsequently prepared for his [[Abitur]] with the help of a private tutor.<ref name="Freeman-p327" /> After taking his Abitur examinations in 1909, he began studying law in Berlin in October of the same year, then spent his second semester in [[University of Geneva|Geneva]] at the start of 1910.<ref name="Freeman-p327" />

When he was at university, Tucholsky's main interest was literature. Thus he travelled to [[Prague]] in September 1911 with his friend [[Kurt Szafranski]] to surprise his favorite author, [[Max Brod]], with a visit and a model landscape that he had made himself. Brod introduced Tucholsky to his friend and fellow author [[Franz Kafka]],<ref name="Freeman-p328">Freeman (1997), p. 328.</ref> who afterwards wrote in his diary about Tucholsky:

<blockquote>a wholly consistent person of 21. From the controlled and powerful swing of his walking stick which gives a youthful lift to his shoulders to the deliberate delight in and contempt for his own literary works. Wants to be a criminal defence lawyer.</blockquote>

Yet, despite his later doctorate, Tucholsky never followed a legal career: his inclination towards literature and journalism was stronger.

==First successes as a writer==
While he was still at school, Tucholsky had already written his first articles as a journalist. In 1907 the weekly [[satire|satirical]] magazine ''[[Ulk]]'' ("Prank") published the short text ''Märchen'' ("Fairy Tale"), in which the 17-year-old Tucholsky made fun of Kaiser [[Wilhelm II]]'s cultural tastes.<ref>Knust, Herbert (1987). "Kurt Tucholsky (9 January 1890-21 December 1935)". ''German Fiction Writers, 1914–1945''; ''Dictionary of Literary Biography'', Vol. 56. Detroit: Gale. {{ISBN|9780810317345}}. pp. 264–277; here: p. 266.</ref> At university he worked more intensively as a journalist, among other things working for the [[social democracy|social democratic]] party organs ''[[Vorwärts]]'' ("onwards") and ''[[Der Wahre Jacob (magazine)|Der Wahre Jacob]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Elisabeth Cheauré|editor2=Regine Nohejl|title=Humour and Laughter in History: Transcultural Perspectives|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUXqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89
|date=2014|publisher=transcript Verlag|isbn=978-3-8394-2858-0|page=89|author=Louise Reichstetter|location=Bielefeld
|chapter=Poignant Past. How Interwar Satirical Magazines in Germany, France and Spain Used History to Criticise Their Times}}</ref> He involved himself in the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]'s election campaign in 1911.

With ''[[Rheinsberg (story)|Rheinsberg – ein Bilderbuch für Verliebte]]'' ("''Rheinsberg – a Picture Book for Lovers''") in 1912, Tucholsky published a tale in which he adopted a fresh and playful tone (which was unusual for that time) and which made him known to a wider audience for the first time. To support the sales of the book, Tucholsky and Szafranski, who had illustrated the tale, opened a "Book Bar" on [[Kurfürstendamm]] in Berlin: anyone who bought a copy of his book also received a free glass of [[schnapps]] (this student prank came to an end after a few weeks).

In January 1913 Tucholsky began an enduring and productive new phase of his journalistic career when he published his first article in the weekly theatre magazine ''Die Schaubühne'' (later called ''[[Die Weltbühne]]'').<ref name="Freeman-p328" /><ref>Illies, Florian (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XypAmsur_5wC&pg=PA51 1913: The Year Before the Storm]''. Translated from the German by Shaun Whiteside and Jamie Lee Searle. London: The Clerkenwell Press. {{ISBN|9781847659811}}. p. 51.</ref> The owner of the magazine, the publicist [[Siegfried Jacobsohn]], became Tucholsky's friend and mentor, offering him both encouragement and criticism, sometimes co-writing articles with him, and gradually inviting him to assume some editorial responsibility for ''Die Schaubühne''; under Tucholsky's influence the focus of the journal shifted toward political concerns, and in 1918 it was renamed ''Die Weltbühne: Zeitschrift für Politik/Kunst/Wirtschaft'' ("The World Stage: Magazine for Politics/Art/Economics).<ref name="Freeman-p328" /> Tucholsky reflected on the significance of his relationship with Jacobsohn in a "Vita" (biography) that he wrote in Sweden two years before his death: "Tucholsky owes to the publisher of the paper, Siegfried Jacobsohn, who died in the year 1926, everything he has become."<ref>Tucholsky, Kurt, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6WzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 Eigenhändige Vita Tucholsky: Für den Einbürgerungsantrag zur Erlangung der schwedischen Staatsbürgerschaft]". In: ''Kurt Tucholsky – Gesammelte Werke – Prosa, Reportagen, Gedichte''. 2nd ed. Neuss: Null Papier Verlag, 2016. p. 8–12; here: p. 11. According to the subtitle of the published piece, Tucholsky wrote it as part of his application for Swedish citizenship.</ref>

==Soldier in World War I==
The beginning of Tucholsky's journalistic career was interrupted by the outbreak of [[World War I]] – for over two years, no articles by Tucholsky were published. He finished his studies at the [[Friedrich Schiller University of Jena|University of Jena]] in Thuringia where he received his doctorate in law (dr. jur.) ''[[Latin honors|cum laude]]'' with a work on [[mortgage law]] at the beginning of 1915. By April of that year he had already been conscripted<ref>Zohn, 2017.</ref> and sent to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]. There he experienced positional warfare and served as a munitions soldier and then as company writer. From November 1916 onwards he published the field newspaper ''Der Flieger''. In the administration of the Artillery and Pilot Academy in Alt-Autz in [[Courland]] he got to know Mary Gerold who was later to become his wife. Tucholsky saw the posts as writer and field-newspaper editor as good opportunities to avoid serving in the trenches. Looking back he wrote:

<blockquote>For three and a half years I dodged the war as much as I could – and I regret not having had the courage shown by the great [[Karl Liebknecht]] to say No and refuse to serve in the military. Of this I am ashamed. I used many means not to get shot and not to shoot – not once the worst means. But I would have used all means, all without exception, had I been forced to do so: I wouldn't have said no to bribery or any other punishable acts. Many did just the same.<ref>Quoted in Ignaz Wrobel, ''Wo waren Sie im Kriege, Herr –?'' (''Where were you in the war, Mister –?'') in ''Die Weltbühne'', March 30, 1926, p. 490.</ref></blockquote>

These means, in part, did not lack a certain comic effect as emerges in a letter to Mary Gerold:

<blockquote>One day for the march I received this heavy old gun. A gun? And during a war? Never, I thought to myself. And leaned it against a hut. And walked away. But that stood out even in our group at that time. I don't know now how I got away with it, but somehow it worked. And so I got by unarmed.<ref>Tucholsky, Kurt. ''Unser ungelebtes Leben. Briefe an Mary'' (''Our Unlived Life. Letters to Mary''). Reinbek, 1982. p. 247.</ref></blockquote>

His encounter with the [[jurist]] [[Erich Danehl]] eventually led to his being transferred to [[Romania]] in 1918 as a deputy [[sergeant]] and field police [[inspector]]. (Tucholsky's friend Danehl later appeared as "Karlchen" in a number of texts, for example in ''Wirtshaus im Spessart''.) In [[Drobeta-Turnu Severin|Turnu Severin]] in Romania, Tucholsky had himself [[baptism|baptized]] as a [[Protestant]] in the summer of 1918. He had already left the Jewish community on 1 July 1914.

Although Tucholsky still took part in a contest for the 9th [[war bond]] (''Kriegsanleihe'') in August 1918, he returned from the war in the autumn of 1918 as a convinced [[Antimilitarism|anti-militarist]] and [[pacifism|pacifist]]. In a 1931 text, he wrote ''[[Soldaten sind Mörder]]'' ("soldiers are murderers"), which subsequently led to numerous judicial proceedings in Germany.

In December 1918, Tucholsky took on the role of editor-in-chief of ''Ulk'', which he held until April 1920. ''Ulk'' was the weekly [[satire|satirical]] supplement of publisher Rudolf Mosse's [[left-liberal]] ''[[Berliner Tageblatt]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Winter|first1=Jay|last2=Robert|first2=Jean-Louis|title=Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919, Volume 1|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University PressCapital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919, Volume 1|isbn=9780521668149|page=107}}</ref>

== Influence in the Weimar Republic ==
[[File:Der Roter Helfer 1927 April Page 7.jpg|thumb|right|Tucholsky (far left, as "Ignaz Wrobel") in ''Der Roter Helfer'', April 1927]]
While Tucholsky was the editor of ''Ulk'', he remained a contributing writer to ''Die Schaubühne'' (The Theater Stage), which had been renamed ''Die Weltbühne'' (The World Stage) in 1913. The author, who wrote under his own name as well as under four pseudonyms (Theobald Tiger, Peter Panter, Kaspar Hauser, and Ignaz Wrobel) became one of the most famous and influential voices of the [[Weimar Republic]], an outspoken satirist, and an opponent of German militarism, the right-wing judiciary system and an early warner about the rising National Socialist movement. He spent the years from 1925 to 1928 in Paris but returned to Berlin to briefly become editor of ''Die Weltbühne''. His books were among the first to be burned by the Nazi party in 1933. At that point, he had already fled to Sweden.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/07/books/giving-a-satirist-of-the-third-reich-the-last-laugh.html|title=Giving a Satirist of the Third Reich the Last Laugh|last=Grimes|first=William|date=6 June 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 March 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Death==
On the evening of 20 December 1935 Tucholsky took an overdose of [[barbiturate|sleeping tablets]] in his house in Hindås.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608379/Kurt-Tucholsky|title=Kurt Tucholsky|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=21 April 2009}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2022}} The next day he was found in a coma and taken to hospital in Gothenburg. He died there on the evening of 21 December. Recently, Tucholsky's biographer Michael Hepp has called into doubt the verdict of suicide, saying that he considers it possible that the death was accidental.{{cn|date=January 2022}} However, this claim is disputed among Tucholsky researchers.
Kurt Tucholsky was buried in the cemetery of Mariefred (near Gripsholm Castle) at Lake Mälaren. An inscription on his grave reads: ''Alles Vergängliche ist nur ein Gleichnis'' ("All that is transient is but a parable"), a quote from the [[epilogue]] of [[Goethe]]'s ''[[Faust II]]''.

==English editions and books==
* Tucholsky, Kurt: ''Berlin! Berlin! Dispatches from the Weimar Republic'', translated by Cindy Opitz. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-935902-23-2}}
* Tucholsky, Kurt: ''[[Rheinsberg. A Storybook for Lovers]]'', translated by Cindy Opitz. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-935902-25-6}}
* Tucholsky, Kurt: ''Castle Gripsholm: A Summer Story'' translated by [[Michael Hofmann]], Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-87951-293-8}}
* Tucholsky, Kurt: ''Deutschland, Deutschland Über Alles: A Picture-book by Kurt Tucholsky'', Photos assembled by John Heartfield. Translated from the German by Anne Halley. Afterword and notes by [[Harry Zohn]]. University of Massachusetts Press, 1972. {{ISBN|978-0870230387}}
* Tucholsky, Kurt: ''Prayer After the Slaughter: Poems and Stories from World War I'', translated by Peter Appelbaum and James Scott. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-935902-28-7}}
* Tucholsky, Kurt: ''Germany? Germany!: Satirical Writings: the Kurt Tucholsky Reader'', translated by [[Harry Zohn]]. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1-935902-38-6}}
* Tucholsky, Kurt: ''Hereafter: We Were Sitting on a Cloud, Dangling Our Legs'', translated by Cindy Opitz. New York: Berlinica Publishing LLC, 2018. {{ISBN|978-1-935902-89-8}}

==Legacy and honours==
[[Image:Berlin plaque K Tucholsky.jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque at his birthplace in [[Berlin-Moabit]] (Lübecker Straße 13)]]
In 1985, the Swedish branch of [[PEN International]] started awarding the Tucholsky Prize, a 150 000 SEK grant in memory of Kurt Tucholsky, to a persecuted, threatened or exiled writer or publicist.

The prize has been awarded to the following writers:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svenskapen.se/tucholskypriset-pristagare/?rq=tucholsky|title=Tucholskypriset pristagare}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Name!!Nation(s)
|-
|1985||[[Adam Zagajewski]]||{{flag|Poland}}
|-
|1986||colspan="2"|No prize was awarded
|-
|1987||[[Don Mattera]]||{{flag|South Africa}}
|-
|1988||[[Sherko Bekas|Sherko Bekes]]||{{flag|Iraq}}, {{flag|Kurdistan}}
|-
|1989||[[Augusto Roa Bastos]]||{{flag|Paraguay}}
|-
|1990||[[Bei Dao]]||{{flag|China}}
|-
|1991||[[Nuruddin Farah]]||{{flag|Somalia}}
|-
|1992||[[Salman Rushdie]]||{{flag|India}}
|-
|1993||[[Mirko Kovač (writer)|Mirko Kovač]]||{{flag|SFR Yugoslavia}}
|-
|1994||[[Taslima Nasrin]]||{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|-
|1995||[[Shirali Nurmuradov]]||{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|-
|1996||[[Svetlana Alexievich]]||{{flag|Belarus}}
|-
|1997||[[Faraj Sarkohi]]||{{flag|Iran}}
|-
|1998||[[Vincent P. Magombe]]||{{flag|Uganda}}
|-
|1999||[[Flora Brovina]]||{{flag|Kosovo}}
|-
|2000||[[Salim Barakat]]||{{flag|Syria}}, {{flag|Kurdistan}}
|-
|2001||[[Asiye Zeybek Guzel]]||{{flag|Turkey}}
|-
|2002||[[Rajko Đurić]]||{{flag|Serbia}}, {{flag|Romani}}
|-
|2003||[[Jun Feng]]||{{flag|China}}
|-
|2004||[[Yvonne Vera]]||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|-
|2005||[[Samir El-Youssef]]||{{flag|Palestine}}
|-
|2006||[[Nasser Zarafshan]]||{{flag|Iran}}
|-
|2007||[[Faraj Bayrakdar]]||{{flag|Syria}}
|-
|2008||[[Lydia Cacho]]||{{flag|Mexico}}
|-
|2009||[[Dawit Isaak]]||{{flag|Eritrea}}
|-
|2010||[[Abdul Samay Hamed]]||{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|-
|2011||[[Uladzimir Nyaklyayew]]||{{flag|Belarus}}
|-
|2012||[[Samar Yazbek]]||{{flag|Syria}}
|-
|2013||[[Masha Gessen]]||{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|2014||[[Muharrem Erbey]]||{{flag|Turkey}}, {{flag|Kurdistan}}
|-
|2015||[[Arkady Babchenko]]||{{flag|Russia}}
|-
|2016||[[Aslı Erdoğan]]||{{flag|Turkey}}
|-
|2017||[[Yassin al-Haj Saleh]]||{{flag|Syria}}
|-
|2018||[[Nasrin Sotoudeh]][https://iranintl.com/en/world/nasrin-sotoudeh-wins-2018-kurt-tucholsky-pen-award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133028/https://iranintl.com/en/world/nasrin-sotoudeh-wins-2018-kurt-tucholsky-pen-award |date=8 March 2021 }}||{{flag|Iran}}
|-
|2019||[[Gui Minhai]]||{{flag|China}}, {{flag|Sweden}}
|-
|2020||[[Maria Ressa]]||{{flag|Philippines}}, {{flag|USA}}
|-
|2021||[[Dmitrij Strotsev]]||{{flag|Belarus}}
|-
|2022||[[Perhat Tursun]]||{{flag|China}}
|-
|2023||[[Serhiy Zhadan]]||{{flag|Ukraine}}
|-
|2024||[[Bushra al-Maqtari]]||{{flag|Yemen}}
|}

*There is also a German [[Kurt-Tucholsky-Preis|Kurt Tucholsky Prize]] of €3,000 that is awarded every two years since 1995 by the Kurt Tucholsky Foundation for "committed and succinct literary works".
*Kurt Tucholsky is portrayed in the political/historical comic series ''Berlin'' by Jason Lutes.
*[[12401 Tucholsky]], asteroid.
*Tucholskystraße in [[Berlin]]-[[Mitte]] is named after Kurt Tucholsky.
*In 1985 [[Dalida]] recorded “ Nein, Zärtlich bist du nicht”, which is a Tucholsky’s poem “Sie Zu Ihm” turned into a pop song by [[Hanne Haller]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Baumann, Franz. "[https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/fabulous-tragic-kurt-tucholsky/#! Fabulous, Tragic Kurt Tucholsky"] ''The Los Angeles Review of Books'', 19 August 2017.
* Freeman, Thomas (1997). "1914. Kurt Tucholsky withdraws from the Jewish community", in [[Sander L. Gilman]] and Jack Zipes, eds. ''Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in German Culture, 1096–1996''. New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|9780300068245}}. pp. 327–335.
* Grenville, Bryan P. ''Kurt Tucholsky: The Ironic Sentimentalist.'' London: Oswald Wolff, London 1981. {{ISBN|978-0854960743}}
* Grimes, William. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/07/books/giving-a-satirist-of-the-third-reich-the-last-laugh.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=2 Giving a Satirist of the Third Reich the Last Laugh"] ''The New York Times'', 6 June 2014.
* Hierholzer, Michael. ''Kurt Tucholsky, 1890–1935: Aspekte seiner Person und seines Werkes (English: Kurt Tucholsky 1890–1935: aspects of the man and his works)''. Inter Nationes, Bonn 1990.
* Knust, Herbert (1987). "Kurt Tucholsky (9 January 1890-21 December 1935)". ''German Fiction Writers, 1914–1945''; ''Dictionary of Literary Biography'', Vol. 56. Detroit: Gale. {{ISBN|9780810317345}}. pp. 264–277.
* [[John M. Merriman|Merriman, John]], and Jay Winter, eds. "Kurt Tucholsky", in ''Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. Available online [http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tucholsky-kurt-1890-1935 via ''Encyclopedia.com''].
* Poor, Harold L. ''Kurt Tucholsky and the Ordeal of Germany, 1914–1935.'' Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1968. {{ISBN|978-1125817650}}
* {{cite EJ|last=Zohn|first=Harry|title=Tucholsky, Kurt|volume=20|pages=168–169|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tucholsky-kurt|via=''Encyclopedia.com''}}
* ''An early version of this article was based, in part, on the [[:de:Kurt Tucholsky|corresponding article]] in the German Wikipedia, retrieved 24 April 2005.''

== External links ==
{{commons|Kurt Tucholsky|Kurt Tucholsky}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Zeno-Autor|Literatur/M/Tucholsky,+Kurt}}
* {{in lang|de}} [http://www.tucholsky-gesellschaft.de/ tucholsky-gesellschaft.de]
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204043738/http://german.about.com/library/bltucholsky.htm Kurt Tucholsky]" (biography). ''German Language: Authors''. About.com. Archived from the [http://german.about.com/library/bltucholsky.htm original] on 4 February 2012.
* [http://kurttucholsky.blogspot.com Kurt Tucholsky] blogspot.com (English translations of Tucholsky)
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Theobald Tiger}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Kaspar Hauser}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Kurt Tucholsky}}
* {{Librivox author |id=311}}

{{German literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tucholsky, Kurt}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:1935 suicides]]
[[Category:20th-century German journalists]]
[[Category:Jewish German journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Berlin]]
[[Category:Jewish anti-fascists]]
[[Category:Jewish socialists]]
[[Category:Independent Social Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:German Peace Society members]]
[[Category:German Jewish military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:German expatriates in Sweden]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]
[[Category:Drug-related suicides in Sweden]]
[[Category:Barbiturates-related deaths]]
[[Category:Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Protestantism from Judaism]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Sweden]]
[[Category:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to Sweden]]
[[Category:Berliner Tageblatt people]]
[[Category:Vossische Zeitung people]]
[[Category:20th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century German male journalists]]

Kurt Tucholsky - Revision history

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